Insight on Macro Economics Free Essays

Question 1: money related globalization Throughout the years since World War 2 we have seen market analysts fight on the thought for and against of monetary globalization. The point had been there during earlier years yet very little consideration was paid into it, it just stood out after the impacts of World War 2 let to social unification. This is thought recommends that all the nations of the world ought to join monetarily by setting up a worldwide budgetary organization to normalize al the financial exercises of the world. We will compose a custom paper test on Knowledge on Macro Economics or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now The geniuses and cones have spread out with contextual analyses on provincial bodies and residential budgetary foundations being refered to back up different cases that take various stands on the issue.Both Mishkin and Rogoff recognized that if the world would be a superior spot in the event that it had a worldwide money related organization. Indeed, even in view of this, they never neglected to state that the thought is an unrealistic fantasy as there are numerous monetary, social and political factors round it. Bringing together all the three elements would be overwhelming even from the beginning and it would be a marvel if the unification worked. They expressed that regardless of whether all chances were beaten and the organization was shaped; creating nations would wind up losing business sector and cash as the created nations would abuse them. The two concurred that whenever framed, the worldwide foundation would be progressively effective as it will have numerous financial specialists from creating nations and be dispensing exceptional yield premium advances to created nations for them to put resources into creating nations. Teacher Kling concurs with the two business analysts up to the point that development of a worldwide budgetary foundation is a fanciful (Lawrence-2001) object yet takes a turn on the point that the organization would be increasingly fruitful. Kling contends that monetary issues household foundations face are the specific one the worldwide organization will confront yet a bigger and much decimating state.If an emergency emerges, the global establishment would cut the cash it advances and collect the premiums on target. This would not be unforgiving position as simply like any business, the organization would need to develop its benefit base and decrease dangers. Creating nations that would by then be so dependant to the organization will be influenced awfully as the likelihood of their economies crumbling would be so high. Mishkin, Rogoff and Kling all concur with this hypothesis and every one of them made reference to the conduct of the worldwide money related store when a financial emergency emerges. Advantages that the worldwide organization will go to the worldwide network fixed. It would rapidly reestablish liquidity whenever asked to on the grounds that it would have an interminable steadiness and stream of money. Making accessible long haul credits will be a simple errand for the organization (chui-2002). Opening markets will be among the benefits of a worldwide as all nations will be working under the equivalent financial laws. Broadening the market base will be another advantage as there will be various markets for various merchandise. Note; the past explanation will work if the worldwide network permits creation specialization strategy to work. Every one of these advantages have been consented to by Mishkin and Rogof however Kling disproves the point that advances will be accessible to all nations. He says that is an unreasonable recommendation. There are intricate detriments of the worldwide organization in the event that it is framed. Immense incongruities in monetary development would be unavoidable. We would see creating nations develop in economy as the creating districts would be seeing a drop in their GDP. The organization will cause an expansion of expenses comprehensively incase a monetary bomb detonates and its liquidity goes down. The organization will slaughter profitability of little nations in the event that it doesn't make arrangements that encourage the smooth exchange of innovation from created to creating nations. The majority of the talented and untalented work power in created nations will be left jobless as their organizations will lean toward assembling items in less created nations that have low pay payouts.Question B1: differentiate on transmission mechanismsTaylor and Lucas are significant financial specialists that have made extraordinary monetary disclosures and added zest to works of Meynerd Keynes. Their understanding on transmission component is the thing that organized their polished methodology and mastery in the field of financial matters. They have unique and merged perspectives identifying with the point; let us break down them. The comparability they hold is that the two of them bolster the utilization of momentary loan fees and speculation on transient exceptional yield securities and protections to drive monetary development, otherwise called money related market value survey (taylor-1995). They state this is the main way the American banks keep up their liquidity. They additionally concur that how cash is moved among accounts and the occasions it courses ought to be expanded to boost its productivity; this is known as constrained investment (tobin-1969). Credit see is one of the conflicting focuses between the two experts; Taylor completely underpins the strategy however Lucas advises it. Taylor advocates for harmony change in loaning rate approaches among banks as Lucas represents free monetary streaming exercises. Question B2: not what they had in mindKlings books clarifies a sequential request of occasions that prompted the 2007/2008 monetary emergencies that left numerous enormous organizations bankrupt and with huge obligations, this is the year in US history that stock costs shot and the trade showcase stayed stunned. He expresses that it is additionally a year to be recognized as there was boundless open clamor since individuals were being kicked out of their home loans (kling-2009). It portrays how the terrible financial arrangements made by past governments prompted the calamitous time. He thinks about the laws of the occasions from 1930 to 1970 then 2001 when the approaches were changed however that that couldn't spare or rescue the 2008 disturbance from occurring. The title features that the contemplations that were behind the past arrangement producers didn't come to be as they made poor monetary decisions. The general thought is that the approaches be changed and that organizations redo the laws as indicated by their own needs to stay away from a situation like the 2007/2008 one. The book gives experiences and goes about as a wake up to the strategy producers, the banking and insurance agencies and the overall population; primary consumers.Mr Kling asked the general population to think of advancements that would help voyage through terrible monetary conditions such as the one out of 2007/2008. He likewise asks the administration to completely examine charges under the steady gaze of passing them into laws as they would go to be unsafe in future occasions. He made the past as a sig to recognize that monetary powers are not static and they require amendment every now and then. Here he lay a model that development would help lessen future impacts as they did by suppress the Glass-Stealgall demonstration of 1933 (krugman-2002). The demonstration restricted interstate banking and furthermore banned the converging of speculation and business banks. Numerous financial specialists including Kling said that the arrangement producers of that time passed the go about as they believed that if banks were permitted to work broadly they would be more impressive than other government organizations. They likewise felt that converging of banks would make a restraining infrastructure and catalyze a monetary breakdown.By value account; budgetary organizations would lessen the financial weight by sharing dangers. Kling sees this strategy work all the more proficiently if money related establishments blend. He additionally adds the cash to be set in the speculation ought to be given I bits. This will permit the organization to consider the market as the endeavor develops, on the off chance that they notice a descending or foresee a misfortune the organization can generally pull out of the arrangement securely. This technique has less arrangements of dangers to misfortune than giving out all the money for interest in the slightest bit. Value he says will keep an originating from coming up short on liquidity. In the event that the venture return is high, an establishment can generally stay in administration regardless of whether it is subsidizing various undertakings from various gatherings. In his presentation Mr Kling named awful wagers and unnecessary influence to be among the four practices monetary organizations occupied with that prompted the emergency. Preceding 2008 numerous banks would commonly truly on foundation FICO ratings before giving out credits; on the off chance that they saw that the borrower had great scores they would not spare a moment giving him the advance in one aggregate. They did this by any chance before evaluating venture they were financing. The monetary organizations would later return to gather the cash or guarantee the property, this is the thing that prompted the breakdown of minor banks in the US. In his examination if the issue he expresses that value account can help counter this impact as organizations that utilization it will set aside cash and lessen the danger of getting bankrupt by 40%. It is the unreasonable wagers set on none return speculations that lead to over the top influence. He structures the value subsidizing strategy as a method of holding the budgetary organizations under wraps with their ventures. The activities that I would propose to the state is; formation of a government body that will be ordered to survey the market practicality of undertakings and speculation openings. This body should then favor and guarantee that the undertaking is genuinely worth the cash mentioned in the citation. I additionally suggest that banks be progressively open with their liquidity data and hand it over to the body that affirms ventures. After affirmation the body will presently prescribe the task proprietor to a foundation with that sort of cash. This activity will spare numerous banks from breakdown the same number of them surrender to insatiability; terrible wagers. References Book composed by Michael Chui in 2002Sovereignty liquidity emergency; examination and difficulties for open policyBook composed by A Lawrence in 2001International

Chronic Kidney Disease: Pathology and Biochemistry

Incessant Kidney Disease: Pathology and Biochemistry The kidneys are a couple of organs that capacity to expelling metabolic squanders like urea, carbon dioxide, salts, and synthetic substances from the blood and discharging these losses as pee. Kidneys likewise direct the convergence of body liquids and electrolyte focuses, blood vessel pressure, emission/discharge of hormones and corrosive base parity of body liquids (Guyton Hall, 2005). The primary useful sifting unit of the kidney is the nephron. In any event 800 thousand nephrons are in one kidney. The underlying separating unit in the nephron is the glomerulus, and the filtrates originating from the glomerulus are shaped into pee as it passes different segments in the nephron. Ailments in the kidney cause countless passings and handicaps around the world (Coresh, et al., 2007). Intense renal disappointment is showed by the kidneys suddenly halting, despite the fact that the possibility exists that the kidneys could recoup, while in incessant kidney malady there is a dynamic decrease in the capacity of the nephrons. All the more explicitly, interminable kidney malady is characterized as harmed or diminished kidney work estimated by a lessening in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for a period or at least three months (Levey, et al., 2003). Introductory harm to the nephron results in compensatory reactions of the rest of the nephrons taking into consideration the continuation of leeway of blood solutes. The compensatory activity of the nephrons during early harm is believed to be a significant reason for renal harm, in light of the fact that during remuneration the glomerular slender weight is expanded so much that harms are caused prompting sores in the glomeruli (Arora Verelli, 2010). Ceaseless kidney illness is additionally brought about by hypertension, diabetes, issue in veins and glomeruli, contaminations, invulnerable framework issue, inborn scatters, and urinary tract impediments (Guyton Hall, 2005). Clinical side effects for ceaseless kidney sickness are not obvious until the quantity of useful nephrons diminishes by 70-75% (Guyton Hall, 2005). The dynamic crumbling in kidney capacity could at last lead to end-stage renal infection where the patient must experience dialysis to expel squanders from the blood, or transplanted with another kidney. Ceaseless kidney sickness has 5 phases dependent on the GFR (National Kidney Foundation, 2002). Patients with the stage 1-3 of the sickness don't show side effects. At stage 4-5 electrolyte parity and endocrine issue become obvious. It is accepted that the uremic issue saw at stage 5 are because of the amassing of poisons (Arora Verelli, 2010). Expanded maintenance of potassium (hyperkalemia) happens because of failure of the kidneys to discharge potassium. Metabolic acidosis results from the powerlessness of the kidneys to deliver enough smelling salts important to respond with the endogenous corrosive and produce ammonium. Phosphates, sulfates, and other natural anions amass, causing enormous anion holes. Metabolic acidosis expands protein debasement and amino corrosive oxidation, and lessens egg whites amalgamation, bringing about protein-vitality unhealthiness, diminished weight, and expanded muscle shortcoming. Acidosis additionally meddles with Vitamin D digestion and mineral u nevenness bringing about renal osteodystrophy or renal bone malady. Renal bone illness can be turned away with auspicious dietary measures and prescriptions like phosphate fasteners and calcitriol (Renal Resource Center, 2007). Skeletal and extraskeletal confusions result from the movement of renal bone sickness. In incessant kidney ailment, renal bone ailment is arranged into four general sorts: (1) low turnover illness or damaged mineralization; (2) high turnover bone infection achieved by elevated levels of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels; (3) beta-2-microglobulin related bone ailment; and (4) blend of the 3 sicknesses (Arora Verelli, 2010). Conclusion and the board of ceaseless kidney illness Interminable kidney illness is analyzed by research center tests on pee and serum. Serum creatinine as a gauge of glomerular filtration rate, egg whites creatinine proportion in the pee, and assessment of pee silt and dipstick test for erythrocytes and leukocytes are suggested (Levey, et al., 2003). Picture investigation by ultrasound can be performed for patients with indications of stones, contamination, obstacle of the urinary tract and having a family clinical history of polycystic kidney illness. Serum electrolytes ought to be estimated on patients who are hypertensive, diabetic, and the individuals who have been presented to sedate harmfulness. Different tests incorporate urinary focus or weakening, and fermentation for chose patients who present manifestations of polyuria, metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, hypo-and hyperkalemia (significant levels of potassium). Kidney work is surveyed by breaking down serum creatinine alongside a blood urea nitrogen test (Lab Tests Online, 2009). Creatinine leeway means that the effectiveness of the kidneys in sifting little particles through of the blood. A customary and head marker of kidney harm is tenacious or repeating proteinuria (Kean Eknoyan, 1999). Proteins are enormous atoms, and along these lines they can't pass the layers of the glomeruli into the pee. Glomeruli, being contrarily charged, additionally repulse proteins. Size and charge boundaries don't permit the entry of proteins into pee, except if the glomeruli are harmed (Proteinuria and microalbuminuria, 2007). Proteins can be estimated utilizing reagent strip tests for purpose of care discovery and research center tests, including immunoassays (Carter, Tomson, Stevens, Lamb, 2006). At the point when the protein level is in excess of 3500 milligrams, broad glomeruli harm has just happened. An egg whites (or protein)- creatinine proportion higher than 30 mg egg whites/g creatinine, is strange since the cut-off focuses are more noteworthy than 17 mg/g in guys and in excess of 25 mg/g in females (Warram, Gearin, Laffel, Krolewski, 1996; (Jacobs, Murtaugh, Steffes, Yu, Rose man, Goetz, 2002). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is as of now the best test for distinguishing kidney issue. GFR is evaluated utilizing a recipe that utilizes serum creatinine worth, and sexual orientation, age and weight of person. The GFR has been prescribed to be the fundamental measure in arranging kidney ailment. Five phases of interminable kidney sicknesses have been distinguished dependent on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (National Kidney Foundation, 2002). Kidney harm has been proposed with ordinary or expanded GFR of > 90 mL/min per 1.73 m2, while kidneys have just bombed when the GFR significantly diminished at Signs of constant kidney sickness are fluctuated and various. Increment or lessening in levels of significant electrolytes phosphate, potassium and calcium. Different signs are metabolic acidosis, pericarditis, unhealthiness, neuropathies and cardiovascular intricacies (Shlipak, et al., 2005; Tonelli, et al., 2006). The treatment of ceaseless kidney ailment relies upon the phase of the malady and should concentrate on a few significant variables (Arora Verelli, 2010). The essential target is to postpone and end the movement of the ailment by treating the known basic condition (for example hypertension, diabetes). Systolic circulatory strain, hyperlipidemia, and glycemic levels must be controlled, and utilization of angiotensin receptor blockers is suggested. Pathologic manifestations ought to be treated as follows: sickliness with erythropoietin; high phosphate levels with dietary methods for authoritative and limiting phosphate folios; low calcium levels with enhancements and hyperparathyroidism with nutrient D analogs or calcitriol (Arora Verelli, 2010). For uremic signs, dialysis and transplantation are suggested relying upon the phase of the sicknesses, and the signs. Convenient making arrangements for renal transplantation is additionally fundamental so as to set up the patient. Reflection on module Ceaseless kidney sickness is common around the world, with a great many individuals influenced. The survey directed here shows that the ailment has been all around portrayed concerning the purpose of-care and clinical tests for analysis. Constant kidney infection influences the amassing of particles in the blood consequently prompting a large number of unfavorable conditions. The US National Kidney Foundation has led endeavors to normalize and arrange the various stages, demonstrative methodologies and treatment modalities. Evidently, ceaseless kidney illness results from different disarranges. Hence it very well may be forestalled and revised by first forestalling and restoring the fundamental reason. This makes the idea of the infection muddled, and arrangements are likewise mind boggling. What is clear is that kidney sickness is for the most part a consequence of way of life, since most fundamental causes like diabetes, cardiovascular infection, and hyperlipidemia are generally because of ways of life. A restriction in the distributions that were assessed was the absence of clear proposals on how the beginning of incessant kidney malady can be forestalled, and what explicit prescriptions can prompt fix of the glomeruli and the nephrons after harm has happened. Unmistakably, a patient with incessant kidney malady is burdened with the information that a total fix is beyond the realm of imagination; and it just sets aside a matter of effort for one to have the end-stage renal infection. The test for the clinical network is to thought of a reasonable preventive system against kidney infection, and to have other long haul choices beside dialysis or organ transplantation.

Navajo Nation Mini Documentary Day One

Navajo Nation Mini Documentary Day One Ya’ate’eh! Today marks the first day of my study abroad trip to Kayenta Middle School in Kayenta, Arizona. Kayenta is a town on a Navajo reservation. For one week, I will be student teaching not only for the first time, but as the youngest member on my trip. For the next 10 days, I will be documenting my trip, so feel free to follow along! We just departed from the Illini Union and are heading toward Oakley, Kansas for our first stop. We will spend the night and continue on to Delores, Colorado, where we will make our second overnight stop. With 16 future teachers and 4 vans, we are on the road! Photo from Rachel Hernandez I am both ecstatic and nervous for this experience. As the youngest and least experienced member on the trip, I hope to spend much of my time in Kayenta observing, lesson planning, and working in small groups with the students. The teacher I will be working with, Mr. Placke, seems great! His degree is in middle education, and we will be teaching in a 7th grade social studies classroom. From what Mr. Placke has told me, they are beginning the Revolutionary War unit. Luckily, this is a topic I am familiar with, and I cannot wait to see what the students already know! For some background, many of the students at Kayenta Middle School are from low-income families with parents who don’t speak English as their first language. In the past, the schools have been ranked as low or underachieving. That being said, The students are always eager to learn new material. Running sports like cross country and track and field are very popular on the reservation. That’s all I have for an introduction today. More updates to come! Rachel Class of 2020 I am studying Middle Grades Education with concentrations in Social Sciences and Literacy in the College of Education. Although I now reside in Champaign, I am originally from Vernon Hills, a Northwest suburb of Chicago.

The Typical Diet of Sea Otters

Sea otters live in the Pacific Ocean and are found in Russia, Alaska, Washington state and California. These furry marine mammals are one of only a few marine animals known  to use tools to obtain their food. A Sea Otters Diet Sea otters eat a wide variety of prey, including marine invertebrates such as echinoderms (sea stars and sea urchins), crustaceans (e.g., crabs), cephalopods (e.g., squid), bivalves  (clams, mussels, abalone), gastropods (snails), and chitons. How Do Sea Otters Eat? Sea otters obtain their food by diving. Using their webbed feet, which are well adapted for swimming, sea otters can dive more than 200 feet and stay underwater for up to 5 minutes. Sea otters can sense prey using their whiskers. They also use their agile front paws to find and grasp their prey. Sea otters are one of the only mammals  that are been known to use tools to obtain and eat their prey. They can use a rock to dislodge mollusks and urchins from the rocks where they are attached. Once at the surface, they often eat by placing the food on their stomachs, and then placing a rock on their stomachs and then smashing the prey on the rock to open it and get at the flesh inside. Prey Preferences Individual otters in an area seem to have different prey preferences.  A study in California found that among an otter population, different otters specialized in diving at different depths to find different prey items. There are deep-diving otters that eat benthic organisms such as urchins, crabs, and abalone, medium-diving otters that forage for clams and worms and others that feed at the surface on organisms such as snails. These dietary preferences may also make certain otters susceptible to disease. For example, sea otters eating snails in Monterey Bay appear more likely to contract Toxoplama gondii, a parasite found in cat feces. Storage Compartments Sea otters have loose skin and baggy pockets underneath their forelimbs. They can store extra food, and rocks used as tools, in these pockets. Impacts on the Ecosystem Sea otters have a high metabolic rate (that is, they use a high amount of energy) that is 2-3 times that of other mammals their size. Sea otters eat about 20-30% of their body weight each day. Otters weigh 35-90 pounds (males weigh more than females). So, a 50-pound otter would need to eat about 10-15 pounds of food per day. The food sea otters eat can impact the entire ecosystem in which they live. Sea otters have been found to play a pivotal role in the habitat and marine life that inhabit a kelp forest. In a kelp forest, sea urchins can graze on the kelp and eat their holdfasts, resulting in deforesting the kelp from an area. But if sea otters are abundant, they eat sea urchins and keep the urchin population in check, which allows kelp to flourish. This, in turn, provides shelter for sea otter pups and a variety of other marine life, including fish. This allows other marine, and even terrestrial animals, to have abundant amounts of prey. Sources: Estes, J.A., Smith, N.S., and J.F. Palmisano. 1978. Sea otter predation and community organization in the Western Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Ecology 59(4):822-833.Johnson, C.K.,  Tinker, M.T., Estes, J.A., Conrad, P.A., Staedler, M., Miller, M.A., Jessup, D.A. and Mazet, J.A.K. 2009. Prey choice and habitat use drive sea otter pathogen exposure in a resource-limited coastal system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(7):2242-2247Laustsen, Paul. 2008. Alaskas Sea-Otter Decline Affects Health of Kelp Forests and Diet of Eagles. USGS.Newsome, S.D.,  M.T. Tinker, D.H. Monson, O.T. Oftedal, K. Ralls, M. Staedler, M.L. Fogel, and J.A. Estes.  2009. Using stable isotopes to investigate individual diet specialization in California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) Ecology 90: 961-974.Righthand, J. 2011. Otters: The Picky Eaters of the Pacific. Smithsonian Magazine.Sea Otters. Vancouver Aquarium.The Marine Mammal Center. Animal Classification: Sea Otter.

Summary The Crucible - 1074 Words

Aarin Rutkin Bonnie Ronson Enc 1102 12- March- 2017 Corrupt Salem The desire to be seen as perfect is seen among every human. It has been taken up by the puritan community as the way of life. Puritan belief has made it tremendously hard to not throw shame and regret on people. It causes children to act up due to them being able to get recognized. Everyone would constantly be blamed for things that weren t bad to the community but due to human nature, they were blamed for benefiting them. Which in itself is not the act of a true puritanism. Women ( specifically young girls) all had a huge impact on Salem that caused lies and new beliefs. 3 women were the main cause of all the sales madness and mayhem these women were Abigail†¦show more content†¦The puritan officials control their people and teach them with respect, no signs of laziness, no theater, erotic poetry, or gambling. This all caused the girls dancing look terrible and in order to save themselves and still get what they want Abigail and the girls found to use manip ulation of their young innocence. While Abigail Williams had a huge influence on the hysteria in Salem, Tituba was the start. She gathered all of the girls and had them dance while she would sing. Whether it is known she was trying to conjure, attempting to conjure spirits or just to play in the woods is unknown. Miller states I saw Tituba waving her arms over the fire when I came on you†¦And I heard a screeching and gibberish comin‘ from her mouth†¦ She always sings her Barbados songs and we dance(p 2). This shows that there is a chance the girls may not truly know why they were doing what they were doing. If Tituba did not start this gathering in the first place than the entire town would not have had hysteria spread through it so vigorously. Tituba ended up getting to live even though it was never said if she truly was a witch it was never classified. Mary Warren had a very interesting role in the crucible she started off by being accused of doing witchcraft to being an accuser to telling on the other accusers for being false and going to court. Mary was John Proctors maid after Abigail got fired. When Marry realized the Johns wife sShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The Crucible 1151 Words   |  5 Pages6. Plot summary â€Å"The Crucible† is a play that takes place in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. The play starts in the woods, the characters Abigail, Betty, Tituba, Mary Warren, and Mercy Lewis were casting spells in the forest. Samuel Parris catches them in the woods and Betty passes out. They go to the Proctors house to make sure Betty is okay. Parris is contemplating on what the town will think of him when they find out what has happened. He tells Abigail to tell him what happened in the woods. AbigailRead MoreSummary : The Crucible 1272 Words   |  6 PagesBlake Allison Period #1 AP NOVEL FORM 1. Title (underline): The Crucible 2. Author (first and last name) and date of first publication: Arthur Miller 1953 3. List four main characters with a one-sentence description of each. a. John Proctor- John Proctor, the husband of Elizabeth Proctor, is a serious farmer who lives on the edge of Salem hiding the secret sin of his adultery and disbelieving in the witch trials. b. Reverend Parris- Reverend Parris, the Reverend in Salem, is a conceitedRead MoreSummary Of The Crucible 1242 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 11 D1B2 21 October 2014 Why is Extremism in Any Form Dangerous? I feel that extremism is dangerous because it can lead to intolerance, lying and hurting others. Misconception and fright can lead to prejudice. In Arthur Miller’s play, â€Å"The Crucible† people who refuse to admit to dealing with the Devil will be hanged. In fear of dying, people who have been accused but haven’t actually dealt with the devil admit to something they haven’t done in order to escape demise. Reverend Hale says to JohnRead MoreSummary Of The Crucible 978 Words   |  4 PagesSlave, it is a strong word that, according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is defined as, â€Å"Someone who is legally owned by another person and is forced to work for that person without pay.†1 Plutarch describes the leader of the Rebellion (Spartacus the slave) as strong, invincible, and barbaric. Spartacus and his rallied men escaped confinement from the Roman Republic and fought back because they wanted to be free from the horrible situation they were put in. Also, the gladiators were tough andRead MoreSummary : The Crucible Essay964 Words   |   4 PagesOpportunities, Fall Semester 2015 Extra Credit Opportunity #4: Attend a performance of â€Å"The Crucible† on one of the following performance dates: Oct 10, 15, 16, or 17 at 7:30pm or the matinee performance on Sunday, Oct 18 at 2pm at the SMSU Fine Arts Theatre Note: The performance on Thurs, Oct 15, is free to all SMSU students with a valid student ID. Admission at all other performances is $10. â€Å"The Crucible† is a fictionalized account of events that occurred during the Salem Witch Trials. SalemRead MoreSummary Of The Crucible Essay711 Words   |  3 Pages Ms. Elliott AP Language and Composition 22 May 2016 Miller, Arthur. The Crucible. New York: A. Meyerson, 1953. Print. The Crucible, a play, by American playwright Arthur Miller, is set in the small New England town of Salem Massachusetts in 1992. The play opens with Reverend Parris praying beside his daughter Betty Parris s bed. In the bed Betty lies in some sort of paralyzed state. The town s doctor, Doctor Griggs, does not know of a medicine to cure Betty’s symptoms and advises ReverendRead MoreSummary : The Crucible 1624 Words   |  7 Pagesjournal #1- narrative Today I went into town in order to see what all this witchcraft commotion was all about. According to Reverend Parris his daughter, Betty, has been bewitched. All this sounds a bit crazy to me because the details do not add up. I see Abigail and hope not to make conversation with her, but eventually I am alone with her and she explains everything to me. She begins by declaring her love for me and how much she misses me and does not go a day without thinking about me. She thenRead MoreSummary Of The Crucible 1892 Words   |  8 PagesNoemi Boyd Etheridge AP Literature Per. 2 Nov. 25th, 2014 Title: The Crucible Year of Publication: 1953 Author: Arthur Miller Setting and Time Period: Salem Massachusetts during 1692 and 1693 Primary Characters: Abigail Williams - Niece of Reverend Parris, she is leader of the girls in town and has had affair with John Proctor. John Proctor - Husband of Elizabeth and a hard working man; tries to set Abigail straight by exposing the truth between them but is too worried for his reputation. ReverendRead MoreSummary Of The Crucible 2006 Words   |  9 Pagesof a person as an accused or a sinner happens because of the intolerance to any deviation from the society beliefs. This is seen in the play,The Crucible; articles Death Penalty Disgrace and A True Confession. In these articles, the main thing that stands out is that people can be emotionally manipulated because of their conscious. In The Crucible , each and every character was a scapegoat, either to the unproven beliefs or to vengeance. In the case of Death Penalty Disgrace, Mr. Davis was aRead MoreSummary Of Arthur Miller s The Crucible 1443 Words   |  6 PagesStephanie Provenzano 3rd Period 1. Title: The Crucible 2. Author and date of first publication: Arthur Miller, 1953 3. List four main characters with a one-sentence description of each. a. John Proctor, he is a farmer in his mid-thirties living in Salem, as a well respected man in society he sets an example to all of the other citizens; he is married to Elizabeth practice and has 3 sons. b. Abigail, she is a seventeen year old girl who lives with her uncle, Reverend Parris, because her parents

The Environmental Non Governmental Organizations Education Essay Free Essays

string(248) " is really limited information available that explores the perceptual experience of people towards NGOs \( Vasquez, 2010 \) , old surveies have assessed the perceptual experience of local people and pupils towards these organisations \( Ivy et al\." Environmental non-governmental organisations ( ENGOs ) are going one of the noticeable histrions today in biological preservation. A study was conducted on the university pupils of Central Mindanao University ( CMU ) , Philippines and National Chung Hsing University ( NCHU ) , Taiwan to measure their perceptual experience towards ENGOs and if their sentiments are influenced by demographic variables. The survey besides explores the pupils ‘ involvement and respect about biological preservation as a major issue locally or globally. We will write a custom essay sample on The Environmental Non Governmental Organizations Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now A sum of 273 university pupils were surveyed from different classs in both states. The consequences showed that most pupils from both states were non familiar with ENGOs and indicated a impersonal mentality towards their trust to these organisations. CMU pupils perceived the local people as the most responsible stakeholder while on the other manus NCHU pupils signified the authorities as the most dependable establishment. The nationality and academic major of the pupils were found to hold a strong association in the pupils ‘ perceptual experience of the most responsible stakeholder. The pupils from both states besides believed that the environmental issues are the most serious jobs in the universe, followed by societal and preservation issues. Furthermore, CMU and NCHU pupils were more concerned about societal jobs than preservation issues in their several hometowns, although they have contrasting positions about the major societal jobs they are confronting. NCHU pupils, nevertheless, expressed more involvement in environmental issues than CMU pupils, both in local and planetary graduated table. The nationality of the pupils showed a positive relationship with their perceptual experience towards the major of import issues in the universe and in their communities. ENGOS should exercise more attempts in affecting the college pupils of Taiwan and Philippines in their run plans to better the pupils ‘ engagement and perceptual experience towards these organisations. KEYWORDS: environmental nongovernmental organisations, pupils ‘ perceptual experience, Philippines, Taiwan, biological preservation Introduction With all the services and chances that biodiversity provide the human public, it is of import to keep and conserve the Earth ‘s biological resources. Biological preservation must be reinforced to prolong the profusion and variableness of different life-forms and their home grounds ( Spellerberg and Hardes, 1992 ) . One of the stakeholders involved in this enterprise are the Environmental Non-governmental Organizations ( ENGOs ) , which are mostly concerned in delivering biological resources from fast extinctions and debasements ( Gunter, 2004 ) . These organisations employ different schemes in their projects. They act the function of experts ( Charnovitz, 1996 ; Esty, 1998 ) , raise consciousness runs ( Bauer, 2006 ) , anteroom policymakers ( Binder and Neumayer, 2005 ) and authorise local communities ( Raustiala, 1997 ) . ENGOs in the Philippines proliferated during the Martial Law Period of President Marcos in the 1970s until the early 1980s ( Teehankee, 1993 ) . Serious environmental debasements during and after the absolutism have prompted the Filipino authorities to go through a figure of environmental Torahs and policies ( Magallona and Malayang, 2000 ) . The democratisation of the state officially acknowledged the importance of NGOs in the Filipino society ( Soledad, 2006 ) . The activities of Filipino ENGOs are engaged chiefly in natural resource direction, community organizing, pollution control, biodiversity development, land debasement and dirt preservation ( Magallona and Malayang, 2000 ) . They besides build partnerships with other NGOs, academia, media, grassroots organisations, anteroom politicians, empower autochthonal people and behavior scientific research and circulate studies to the populace ( Lucas, n.d. ; Magno, 1993 ; Bryant, 2001 ) . It is estimated that there are about 3,000 NGOs that focus on the environment and rank to these groups largely come from the young person, scientists, professionals, retired persons, altruists, politicians and business communities ( Lucas, n.d ) . They obtain support from many-sided givers, authorities bureaus, rank fees, local and foreign contributions, income-generating activities, local and transnational companies, local and international NGOs ( ADB, 2007 ) . The issue on NGOs ‘ deficiency of resources and managerial capablenesss frequently limit their influence on the Filipino society in relation with their ends and involvements ( Teehankee, 1993 ; ADB, 2007 ) . Like the Philippines, Chinese ENGOs came to turn after the Kuomintang ( KMT ) Martial Law epoch ended in the late eightiess ( Hsiao, 1999 ) . The rapid industrialisation of Taiwan and the authorities ‘s thrust for economic growing has been pointed out to do major environmental crisis in Taiwan ( Edmonds, 1996 ; Tong, 2005 ; Yang, 2008 ) . In response to the dismaying environmental crisis, the Chinese authorities has passed several Torahs, policies and ordinances ( Edmonds, 1996 ; Lin, 2001, Yang, 2008 ) . ENGOs in Taiwan by and large drew rank from bookmans and professionals ( Tong, 2005 ) and addressed issues chiefly on pollution control, resistance to atomic power workss, and biological preservation ( Hsiao, 1999 ) . Furthermore, they are besides active in forming grassroots presentations and public hearings, educating the populace on environmental issues, oversing authorities policies, publicising environmental issues, and let go ofing imperativeness studies ( Tong, 2005 ; M cBeath and Leng, 2006 ) . There are merely about 300 ENGOs that operate in Taiwan and some of which operate as government-organized NGOs ( McBeath and Leng, 2006 ) . Taiwan ENGOs acquire funding support largely from rank fees, contributions, and authorities grants ( Edmonds, 1996 ; Lin, 2001 ) . Due to its political position, international loaning establishments like the Asian Development Bank and World Bank are non aggressive subscribers in the local environmental protection runs, which make foreign fund supports difficult to obtain ( McBeath and Leng, 2006 ) . The common encountered restraints by Chinese ENGOs are the troubles in enrolling members, acquiring fiscal support, deficiency of information channels from international ENGOS and deficiency of equal managerial capacity ( Hsiao, 1999 ; Yang, 2008 ) . In malice of the support to Filipino and Taiwanese ENGOs, there are still restricting factors that affect their range in accomplishing the groups ‘ ends and involvements. The contentions that involved ENGOs and the NGO sector in general ( Gibelman and Gelman, 2004 ; Jepson, 2005 ) have a serious impact on their image to the populace and every bit good as impacting their legitimacy, credibleness and ability in acquiring fiscal support. The present survey selected the college pupils as respondents because they are assumed to be the future stewards and leaders of the society ( Sia Su, 2007 ) . Although there is really limited information available that explores the perceptual experience of people towards NGOs ( Vasquez, 2010 ) , old surveies have assessed the perceptual experience of local people and pupils towards these organisations ( Ivy et al. You read "The Environmental Non Governmental Organizations Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" , 1998 ; Wong, 2003 ; Hyseni, 2008 ) . The aim of this survey is to exemplify the perceptual experience of the college pupils towards the functions of ENGOs in biological preservation, utilizing two representative universities, Central Mindanao University ( CMU ) and National Chung Hsing University ( NCHU ) of the Philippines and Taiwan, and to measure if their point of views are influenced by demographic factors such as nationality, gender, academic major, and age. This research besides intends to turn to a figure of inquiries: ( a ) How do college pupils of CMU and NCHU regard biological preservation as an issue, in their ain place state or worldwide? ; ( B ) How do these college pupils rank ENGOs compared to other stakeholders involved in biological preservation? ; ( degree Celsius ) How much do these college pupils trust ENGOs? ; and ( vitamin D ) How willing are these college pupils to take part in biological preservation attempts by ENGOs? Method The research survey involved 137 and 136 college pupils of Central Mindanao University ( CMU ) , Philippines and National Chung Hsing University ( NCHU ) , Taiwan severally. This was conducted last February to March 2010. In both states, merely two universities were approached due to clip restraints and to be able to ease a manageable survey. The study involved pupils from different classs in CMU and NCHU. CMU respondents were pupils taking Agriculture, Biology, Veterinary Medicine, Engineering and Nursing classs. Respondents from NCHU were pupils taking Forestry, Commerce, Engineering, Political Science, Foreign Language and Mathematics. The questionnaire was pre-tested with a few pupils in NCHU, and alterations were made consequently to better the lucidity of the inquiries. The questionnaires given to CMU respondents were in English while the Mandarin version was given to the NCHU respondents. The different socio-demographic information of the respondents such as age, gender, academic major, degree of survey, and nationality were ab initio asked. The succeeding inquiries were posed to obtain the respondents ‘ ( 1 ) general perceptual experience and consciousness towards biological preservation, ( 2 ) perceptual experience and consciousness towards ENGOS and ( 3 ) willingness to take part in biological preservation attempts of NGOS. The study was carried out both inside and outside the schoolroom, and about, it took 10 proceedingss per respondent to make full out the questionnaire. Data analysis was performed utilizing Statistical Analysis System ( SAS ) . Chi-square trials were used to find whether socio-demographic variables influenced the pupils ‘ sentiments about the ENGOs. The age groups and academic big leagues were divided into two classs. Respondents below 18 were added to the 18-20 age class and those above 25 were included in the 21-25 age groups. The academic big leagues were farther categorized into biology-related and non-biology-related. Biology-related classs in this respect pertains to train such as agribusiness, forestry, veterinary medical specialty, and biological science while non-biology related classs includes technology, nursing, commercialism, foreign linguistic communication, political scientific discipline and mathematics. The degree of trust held by CMU and NCHU pupils with regard to the different statements refering ENGOs were highlighted in Table 7. Most of the respondents from the two universities rated â€Å" impersonal † ( bespeaking neither agreed nor disagreed to the statement ) when surveyed about their assurance on ENGOs ‘ â€Å" cognition and competency † and â€Å" answerability in the efficient usage of money † in work outing environmental jobs. Furthermore, when asked if ENGOs are influenced by political parties in their several local countries, most pupils from CMU and NCHU said â€Å" Yes † ( 49.26 % and 53.38 % , severally ) . Both CMU and NCHU expressed high concern over societal issues in their several hometowns, while environmental and preservation issues were less recognized. The two groups of respondents had different perceptual experiences on the local societal jobs. Most of the CMU respondents were peculiarly concerned about poorness, corruptness and unemployment. The prevalence of poorness in the Philippines ( CIA World Factbook, 2010 ) could be a conducive factor to the CMU pupils ‘ concern for poorness. The issue on political corruptness has besides been a battle in the Philippines ( Thompson, 2001 ) . Furthermore, the state ‘s unemployment rate is high. Its population, estimated at 92.23 million, is projected to make 111 million by 2015 ( National Statistics Office, 2009 ) . NCHU pupils were largely concerned about unemployment, and seemed to be less troubled by the issues of corruptness and poorness. Their concern for unemployment is attributed to the recent economic recession wherein legion occupations were lost in Taiwan ( Chan, 2009 ) . Taiwan ‘s economic position is about comparable to a developed state ( Lin, 2009 ) which could assist explicate why merely a little proportion of NCHU pupils considered poorness as a job. Whereas the deficiency of concern over corruptness may bespeak that the job is non serious in Taiwan but it does non needfully intend that the job does non wholly exist ( Transparency International, 2009 ) . NCHU respondents besides expressed more concern in both environmental and preservation issues than CMU respondents. This could be attributed to the environmental debasement attach toing Taiwan ‘s rapid industrialisation in the past old ages ( Agoramoorthy, 2009 ) . The Philippines has besides faced ecological crisis ( Posa et al. , 2008 ) but the CMU pupils may care less about environmental issues because of other societal-generated jobs. The difference in CMU and NCHU perceptual experiences towards environmental issues could besides be attributed to the school ‘s geographical location. CMU is located in a rural scene while NCHU belong in an urban country. As Hsiao et Al. ( 2002 ) contends, the rural people have a different relationship to nature than the metropolis people. Although NCHU pupils seemed to be comparatively concerned about biological preservation, most of them were non cognizant to international environmental understanding compared to CMU pupils. This could be attributed to Taiwan ‘s international political position, non being recognized as a â€Å" state † by UN criterions ( MacBeath and Leng 2006 ; Lin, 2009 ) and therefore Taiwan was isolated from take parting in international environmental dialogues. On the other manus, the Philippines have signed to some international environmental pacts ( Magallona and Malayang, 2000 ) which could explicate why CMU pupils were largely cognizant about international environmental acme. Percepts and Awareness of Students towards ENGOs Most CMU and NCHU respondents were non peculiarly cognizant of ENGOs in their several hometowns. Although there are a figure of national ENGOs operating in the Philippines, peculiarly in the Metropolitan Manila and the chief island Luzon ( Magallona and Malayang, 2000 ) , CMU pupils might non still be cognizant of them sing the archipelagic nature of the state. Unlike in Luzon, there are merely a few established ENGOs that operate in Mindanao ( PSDN, 2010 ) , the island where CMU is situated. The less figure of ENGOs which are actively working in Taiwan ( MacBeath and Leng, 2006 ) could be the ground besides for less consciousness by NCHU pupils. The CMU pupils perceived the local people as the most responsible stakeholder in biological preservation. Although there were several preservation plans initiated by the Filipino authorities ( Magalona and Malayang, 2000 ) , the respondents ‘ low assurance on their authorities may hold stemmed from the prevailing issues of corruptness ( Thompson, 2001 ) and therefore, their perceptual experience shifted towards tilting on the local people as accountable and more reliable on holding the ideal place in pull offing their biological resources ( Posa et al. , 2008 ) . On the other manus, the NCHU pupils believed more in the attempts of their authorities in biological preservation. This could be mostly attributed to the launching of huge educational runs by the Taiwan authorities in advancing preservation consciousness to the populace ( Wong, 2001 ) . The authorities establishment in Taiwan has the fiscal and human resources besides to transport out monolithic preservation plans. The fiscal restraints by both Taiwan and Philippine ENGOs could besides be a important factor with regard to the extent of their preservation actions. In Taiwan, most contributions normally go to local spiritual organisations ( Lin et al. , 2005 ) . On the other manus, the poorness state of affairs in the Philippines is a major restraint in donating to these organisations ( Jiao, 2008 ) . The less acknowledgment by CMU and NCHU pupils of ENGOs as a stakeholder in biological preservation farther implies that ENGOs should demo more effectivity and value in their attempts, particularly in affecting college pupils. The nationality and academic major of the pupils were found to be important variables in act uponing their perceptual experience of the most responsible stakeholders in biological preservation. Students with classs related to biological science are more open to preservation issues and therefore, more likely to exhibit high degrees of cognition refering the environment. This is besides in conformity with the consequences of Tikka et Al. ( 2000 ) . Most pupils from both universities could non peculiarly agree nor disagree to the cognition, competency and answerability of ENGOs in turn toing preservation issues. But the two groups of respondents agreed that these organisations are capable by political use. CMU pupils ‘ perceptual experience might be affected by the reported dirts on some development and environmental NGOs before ( Bryant, 2002 ; Songco, 2007 ) . On the other manus, NCHU pupils ‘ positions towards ENGOs might be influenced by some pro-development persons who think these organisations aggressive signifiers of actions might interrupt the state ‘s foreign investors ( MacBeath and Leng, 2006 ) . Although ENGOs are one of the seeable and active subscribers to nature preservation, their representation should besides show unity, earnestness and trust, non merely to the college pupils but to the whole populace, with regard to its nature as a fund-dependent organisation. Students ‘ Conservation Behavior Both CMU and NCHU respondents had low respect in back uping ENGOs as a worthwhile personal activity in protecting the environment. However, if there will be ENGOs present in their local country, the CMU pupils are willing to take part actively by giving clip. While the NCHU pupils expressed willingness to back up but could non offer both clip and money. Most of the pupils expressed private preservation behaviour ( e.g. personal enterprises ) instead than public behaviours ( e.g. back uping activities of NGOs ) . This besides suggests that ENGOs need to better on how to present their purposes on preservation attempts affecting the pupils. ENGOs should develop ways on how pupils could easy derive entree of information on their environmental runs and plans and perchance, the degree of engagement would increase. The deficiency of involvement by CMU and NCHU pupils in fall ining conservation-themed pupil nines may be parallel to their indifference in ENGO ‘s preservation attempts. Decision The present survey demonstrates that CMU and NCHU college pupils were non unusually concerned about biological preservation issues, globally or locally. Social precedences in the pupils ‘ respective and immediate milieus by and large influenced their mentalities towards preservation issues. The pupils ‘ deficiency of involvement in preservation issues further implies that any biological saving thrusts and runs, whether initiated by ENGOs or any other stakeholder, may non be as effectual and greatly participated, sing that they have other pressing concerns in head. ENGOs ‘ deficiency of outreach plans and hapless selling thrust in the academia sector could be a important factor in the waning involvement and weak acknowledgment in the Black Marias of the immature public. College pupils, on the other manus, should be cognizant of their societal and environmental duties since they will be the stewards of biological resources in the hereafter. They have to recognize that ENGOs are their spouses in this enterprise and that they are besides a valuable component in the organisations ‘ sustainability in turn toing environmental protection. It would besides be interesting for the two universities to better their environmental instruction plans by presenting a more specific topic entirely turn toing environmental and preservation issues. This could excite and perchance alter the pupils ‘ concern and mentality towards the environment. Increasing the sample size from different universities and parts in both states would hold better represented the Philippines and Taiwan in comparing the pupils ‘ perceptual experiences on ENGOs. Stratified choice of respondents from different strata is besides recommended in future surveies to guarantee a representative subdivision of the different demographic variables. How to cite The Environmental Non Governmental Organizations Education Essay, Essay examples

Christian Holidays Taken from Wiccan/Pagan Sabbats Essay Example For Students

Christian Holidays Taken from Wiccan/Pagan Sabbats Essay Christian Holidays Taken From Wiccan/Pagan Sabbats Melissa Ezzell COM 220 July 4, 2010 Titilayo Evans Christianity and Wicca (Paganism/Neo-Paganism), what do you know about these two religions? When I was growing up I believed in the Christian beliefs; however I now practice Wicca. Look closely at the Christian religion and notice how similar it is to Wicca. Although denied by most Christians the similarities are there because â€Å"Christianity began in the middle of Pagan culture† (Kane, p. 12). Is the origin of Christianity based on ancient Pagan beliefs or is it wholly original? Christianity started around four BC (History of Christianity, 2004; Anonymous, Timeline of Christianity, 2006) yet Wicca was said to have started around 2000 BC (Anonymous, Timeline of Neopaganism, Wicca, and Witchcraft, 2005). However, most of Wiccans practice what is now known as â€Å"modern† Wicca, which was founded approximately in 1949 with the first Wiccan publication, by a man named Gardner (History of Paganism, 2004). In the time of Christ, paganism was known as the mystery religion. Paganism was called as such because of the secretive nature and lack of writings associated with them. â€Å"A variety of mystery religions were practiced throughout the empire, but most of them held in common a heavy element of secrecy, the use of syncretism in their belief and practice, and a focus on the death and resurrection of a savior-god† (Anonymous, Timeline of Neopaganism, Wicca, and Witchcraft, 2005, p. 15). However, witches no longer have to be secretive and practice in the dark, but some witches will still practice in secret because of the fear that has been â€Å"burned† into their hearts. Most of the knowledge of these pagan religions dates from the second century (Anonymous, The Historical Context of Christianity, 2004). Around four BC when Jesus was born is about the time Christianity was believed to begin. Before Jesus went on his ministry, approximately 28 Common Era (CE), John the Baptist began spreading the word of the Christian God and the coming of his kingdom (History of Christianity, 2004). The precise duration of Jesus’s ministry is unknown, but many estimates suggest that his public work lasted between one and three years† (History of Christianity, 2004, p. 4). The life of Jesus was cut short when the Romans executed him (History of Christianity, 2004). After Jesus died he was said to rise again, and the â€Å"rebirth† is celebrated on Easter. O stara is one example of pagan influence on Christianity. Other examples include the sites of where Catholics built their churches, their saints who were, in fact, Goddesses and Gods, their holy days, and cultural celebrations. Most of the Christian holidays have been taken from pagan holidays and beliefs (Anonymous, The Historical Context of Christianity, 2004). For example: * Groundhog Day is Imbolc (Robinson, 2002), * Easter is Ostara aka Spring Equinox (Anonymous, Easter; Its Pagan Origins, 2009) * Christmas, which is Yule (Robinson, 2002) * May Day, which is Beltane (Robinson, 2002) * Halloween, which is Samhain (Robinson, 2002) * the names for days, weeks, and months, common sayings, and numerous other traditions associated with holidays (Robinson, 2002) According to the website  Pagan Origins of the Christ Myth  (POCM), â€Å"Mediterranean cultures in the ancient world ‘shared standard ideas about Gods and their powers and place in the universe Christianity simply adopted those ideas and applied them to Jesus’† (Kane) Here is a look at which Christian holidays were taken from Wiccan Sabbats (Anonymous, A Comparative Look at Catholicism and Wicca, 2000) (The Wiccan Sabbats are on the outside of the ring) The Holiday for Lammas is also known as Lughnasadh, which is celebrated on August first (Anonymous, Wiccan and Neopagan Festivals, 2007). Modern paganism’s history has been debated both within and outside of it. There are claims that its traditions have been preserved and secretly handed down through the generations. Other suggestions are that the â€Å"ancient traditions† are twentieth century constructions for which customs and tales of folk religion have been the inspiration (History of Paganism, 2004). Fine Arts Budget Cuts EssayAlexander Sanders was born in 1926 and died in 1988, he became known as the â€Å"King of Witches. Alexander is also the founder of Alexandrian Wicca which is one of the major Wiccan/Witchcraft traditions. It is said that, at the age of seven, he ran across his grandmother performing some type of ritual. When she noticed that he was there, she was taken aback and initiated him on the spot and swore him to secrecy. He became her student on the path of the â€Å"Old Religion. † After his grandmother passed away, he claimed that she had given him her Book of Shadows. It was said that he tried to gain entrance into some of the Gardnerian covens, which in turn refused him. He managed to obtain a copy of the Gardnerian Book of Shadow, which he copied and added a few of his own writings as well. Claiming the book was his grandmother’s Book of Shadows. After convincing â€Å"the Manchester Evening News† to put an article about Wicca on the front page, a large group of people started following the â€Å"Alexandrian Wicca. † He taught classes and ran the coven from his home in London and was said to have initiated more than 1623 witches into 100 different covens across the country. Here is a picture of Alexander Sanders (Knowles, Alex Sanders (1926-1988), 2001) (Knowles, Alex Sanders (1926-1988), 2001) So in conclusion, there is proof that Christian holidays are taken from Pagan Sabbats. Although there are not many documents prior to the â€Å"birth† of the Gardnerian Wicca, there is evidence of Wicca/Paganism pre-dating Christianity. The lack of documentation can be easily explained by the persecution, suppression, and systematic destruction of the pagan religions by the Christians. In the middle of the 20th Century, Gardner and others revived and published books on paganism. Paganism is now recognized as mainstream religion. Pagan traditions were passed down verbally until Sanders broke the vow of secrecy with his publicized material. Please note that the â€Å"p† in citations is for paragraphs. Works Cited Anonymous. (2000). A Comparative Look at Catholicism and Wicca. Retrieved July 3, 2010, from Northco: http://www. northco. net/chenke/comp_1. html Anonymous. (2009, December 26). Easter; Its Pagan Origins. Retrieved July 1, 2010, from Religious Tolerance: http://www. religioustolerance. org/easter1. htm Anonymous. (2004, December 27). The Historical Context of Christianity. Retrieved May 21, 2010, from ReligionFacts: http://www. religionfacts. com/christianity/history/context. htm Anonymous. (2006, August 27). Timeline of Christianity. Retrieved May 21, 2010, from ReligionFacts: http://www. religionfacts. com/christianity/timeline. htm Anonymous. (2005, April 16). Timeline of Neopaganism, Wicca, and Witchcraft. Retrieved May 21, 2010, from ReligionFacts: http://www. religionfacts. com/neopaganism/timeline. htm Anonymous. (2007, February 9). Wiccan and Neopagan Festivals. Retrieved May 23, 2010, from Religion Facts: http://www. religionfacts. com/neopaganism/festivals. htm History of Christianity. (2004). Religious Holidays Calendars. Retrieved June 23, 2010, from Credo reference: http://www. credoreference. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/entry/ogirholidays/history_of_christianity History of Paganism. (2004). Religious Holidays Calendars. Retrieved June 23, 2010, from Credo Reference: http://www. credoreference. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/entry/ogirholidays/the_history_of_paganism Kane, G. (n. d. ). Victors History. Retrieved June 1, 2010, from Pagan Origins of Christian Myth: http://www. pocm. info/getting_started_victors_history. html Knowles, G. 2003, October 3). Aleister Crowley (1875-1947). Retrieved July 4, 2010, from Controversial: http://www. controverscial. com/Aleister%20Crowley. htm Knowles, G. (2001, May 4). Alex Sanders (1926-1988). Retrieved July 4, 2010, from Controverscial: http://www. controverscial. com/Alex%20Sanders. htm Knowles, G. (2001, May 26). Gerald Brosseau Gardner (1884-1964). Retrieved July 4, 2010, from Controver sial: http://www. controverscial. com/Gerald%20Brosseau%20Gardner. htm Robinson, B. A. (2002, August 6). Christianity, Ancient Celtic Beliefs, and Witchcraft. Retrieved June 23, 2010, from Religious Tolerance: http://www. eligioustolerance. org/wic_chr. htm Wakefield, M. (2004, December 18). We are all pagans now: paganism is one of our fastest-growing religions. Mary Wakefield talks to a druid and finds out why witchcraft appeals to 21st-century Britain. Retrieved July 04, 2010, from General One File: http://find. galegroup. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/gps/retrieve. do? contentSet=IAC-DocumentsresultListType=RESULT_LISTqrySerId=Locale(en,,):FQE%3D(SU,None,10)%22paganism%22$sgHitCountType=NoneinPS=truesort=DateDescendsearchType=BasicSearchFormtabID