Insight on Macro Economics Free Essays

Question 1: money related globalization Throughout the years since World War 2 we have seen market analysts fight on the thought for and against of monetary globalization. The point had been there during earlier years yet very little consideration was paid into it, it just stood out after the impacts of World War 2 let to social unification. This is thought recommends that all the nations of the world ought to join monetarily by setting up a worldwide budgetary organization to normalize al the financial exercises of the world. We will compose a custom paper test on Knowledge on Macro Economics or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now The geniuses and cones have spread out with contextual analyses on provincial bodies and residential budgetary foundations being refered to back up different cases that take various stands on the issue.Both Mishkin and Rogoff recognized that if the world would be a superior spot in the event that it had a worldwide money related organization. Indeed, even in view of this, they never neglected to state that the thought is an unrealistic fantasy as there are numerous monetary, social and political factors round it. Bringing together all the three elements would be overwhelming even from the beginning and it would be a marvel if the unification worked. They expressed that regardless of whether all chances were beaten and the organization was shaped; creating nations would wind up losing business sector and cash as the created nations would abuse them. The two concurred that whenever framed, the worldwide foundation would be progressively effective as it will have numerous financial specialists from creating nations and be dispensing exceptional yield premium advances to created nations for them to put resources into creating nations. Teacher Kling concurs with the two business analysts up to the point that development of a worldwide budgetary foundation is a fanciful (Lawrence-2001) object yet takes a turn on the point that the organization would be increasingly fruitful. Kling contends that monetary issues household foundations face are the specific one the worldwide organization will confront yet a bigger and much decimating state.If an emergency emerges, the global establishment would cut the cash it advances and collect the premiums on target. This would not be unforgiving position as simply like any business, the organization would need to develop its benefit base and decrease dangers. Creating nations that would by then be so dependant to the organization will be influenced awfully as the likelihood of their economies crumbling would be so high. Mishkin, Rogoff and Kling all concur with this hypothesis and every one of them made reference to the conduct of the worldwide money related store when a financial emergency emerges. Advantages that the worldwide organization will go to the worldwide network fixed. It would rapidly reestablish liquidity whenever asked to on the grounds that it would have an interminable steadiness and stream of money. Making accessible long haul credits will be a simple errand for the organization (chui-2002). Opening markets will be among the benefits of a worldwide as all nations will be working under the equivalent financial laws. Broadening the market base will be another advantage as there will be various markets for various merchandise. Note; the past explanation will work if the worldwide network permits creation specialization strategy to work. Every one of these advantages have been consented to by Mishkin and Rogof however Kling disproves the point that advances will be accessible to all nations. He says that is an unreasonable recommendation. There are intricate detriments of the worldwide organization in the event that it is framed. Immense incongruities in monetary development would be unavoidable. We would see creating nations develop in economy as the creating districts would be seeing a drop in their GDP. The organization will cause an expansion of expenses comprehensively incase a monetary bomb detonates and its liquidity goes down. The organization will slaughter profitability of little nations in the event that it doesn't make arrangements that encourage the smooth exchange of innovation from created to creating nations. The majority of the talented and untalented work power in created nations will be left jobless as their organizations will lean toward assembling items in less created nations that have low pay payouts.Question B1: differentiate on transmission mechanismsTaylor and Lucas are significant financial specialists that have made extraordinary monetary disclosures and added zest to works of Meynerd Keynes. Their understanding on transmission component is the thing that organized their polished methodology and mastery in the field of financial matters. They have unique and merged perspectives identifying with the point; let us break down them. The comparability they hold is that the two of them bolster the utilization of momentary loan fees and speculation on transient exceptional yield securities and protections to drive monetary development, otherwise called money related market value survey (taylor-1995). They state this is the main way the American banks keep up their liquidity. They additionally concur that how cash is moved among accounts and the occasions it courses ought to be expanded to boost its productivity; this is known as constrained investment (tobin-1969). Credit see is one of the conflicting focuses between the two experts; Taylor completely underpins the strategy however Lucas advises it. Taylor advocates for harmony change in loaning rate approaches among banks as Lucas represents free monetary streaming exercises. Question B2: not what they had in mindKlings books clarifies a sequential request of occasions that prompted the 2007/2008 monetary emergencies that left numerous enormous organizations bankrupt and with huge obligations, this is the year in US history that stock costs shot and the trade showcase stayed stunned. He expresses that it is additionally a year to be recognized as there was boundless open clamor since individuals were being kicked out of their home loans (kling-2009). It portrays how the terrible financial arrangements made by past governments prompted the calamitous time. He thinks about the laws of the occasions from 1930 to 1970 then 2001 when the approaches were changed however that that couldn't spare or rescue the 2008 disturbance from occurring. The title features that the contemplations that were behind the past arrangement producers didn't come to be as they made poor monetary decisions. The general thought is that the approaches be changed and that organizations redo the laws as indicated by their own needs to stay away from a situation like the 2007/2008 one. The book gives experiences and goes about as a wake up to the strategy producers, the banking and insurance agencies and the overall population; primary consumers.Mr Kling asked the general population to think of advancements that would help voyage through terrible monetary conditions such as the one out of 2007/2008. He likewise asks the administration to completely examine charges under the steady gaze of passing them into laws as they would go to be unsafe in future occasions. He made the past as a sig to recognize that monetary powers are not static and they require amendment every now and then. Here he lay a model that development would help lessen future impacts as they did by suppress the Glass-Stealgall demonstration of 1933 (krugman-2002). The demonstration restricted interstate banking and furthermore banned the converging of speculation and business banks. Numerous financial specialists including Kling said that the arrangement producers of that time passed the go about as they believed that if banks were permitted to work broadly they would be more impressive than other government organizations. They likewise felt that converging of banks would make a restraining infrastructure and catalyze a monetary breakdown.By value account; budgetary organizations would lessen the financial weight by sharing dangers. Kling sees this strategy work all the more proficiently if money related establishments blend. He additionally adds the cash to be set in the speculation ought to be given I bits. This will permit the organization to consider the market as the endeavor develops, on the off chance that they notice a descending or foresee a misfortune the organization can generally pull out of the arrangement securely. This technique has less arrangements of dangers to misfortune than giving out all the money for interest in the slightest bit. Value he says will keep an originating from coming up short on liquidity. In the event that the venture return is high, an establishment can generally stay in administration regardless of whether it is subsidizing various undertakings from various gatherings. In his presentation Mr Kling named awful wagers and unnecessary influence to be among the four practices monetary organizations occupied with that prompted the emergency. Preceding 2008 numerous banks would commonly truly on foundation FICO ratings before giving out credits; on the off chance that they saw that the borrower had great scores they would not spare a moment giving him the advance in one aggregate. They did this by any chance before evaluating venture they were financing. The monetary organizations would later return to gather the cash or guarantee the property, this is the thing that prompted the breakdown of minor banks in the US. In his examination if the issue he expresses that value account can help counter this impact as organizations that utilization it will set aside cash and lessen the danger of getting bankrupt by 40%. It is the unreasonable wagers set on none return speculations that lead to over the top influence. He structures the value subsidizing strategy as a method of holding the budgetary organizations under wraps with their ventures. The activities that I would propose to the state is; formation of a government body that will be ordered to survey the market practicality of undertakings and speculation openings. This body should then favor and guarantee that the undertaking is genuinely worth the cash mentioned in the citation. I additionally suggest that banks be progressively open with their liquidity data and hand it over to the body that affirms ventures. After affirmation the body will presently prescribe the task proprietor to a foundation with that sort of cash. This activity will spare numerous banks from breakdown the same number of them surrender to insatiability; terrible wagers. References Book composed by Michael Chui in 2002Sovereignty liquidity emergency; examination and difficulties for open policyBook composed by A Lawrence in 2001International

Chronic Kidney Disease: Pathology and Biochemistry

Incessant Kidney Disease: Pathology and Biochemistry The kidneys are a couple of organs that capacity to expelling metabolic squanders like urea, carbon dioxide, salts, and synthetic substances from the blood and discharging these losses as pee. Kidneys likewise direct the convergence of body liquids and electrolyte focuses, blood vessel pressure, emission/discharge of hormones and corrosive base parity of body liquids (Guyton Hall, 2005). The primary useful sifting unit of the kidney is the nephron. In any event 800 thousand nephrons are in one kidney. The underlying separating unit in the nephron is the glomerulus, and the filtrates originating from the glomerulus are shaped into pee as it passes different segments in the nephron. Ailments in the kidney cause countless passings and handicaps around the world (Coresh, et al., 2007). Intense renal disappointment is showed by the kidneys suddenly halting, despite the fact that the possibility exists that the kidneys could recoup, while in incessant kidney malady there is a dynamic decrease in the capacity of the nephrons. All the more explicitly, interminable kidney malady is characterized as harmed or diminished kidney work estimated by a lessening in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for a period or at least three months (Levey, et al., 2003). Introductory harm to the nephron results in compensatory reactions of the rest of the nephrons taking into consideration the continuation of leeway of blood solutes. The compensatory activity of the nephrons during early harm is believed to be a significant reason for renal harm, in light of the fact that during remuneration the glomerular slender weight is expanded so much that harms are caused prompting sores in the glomeruli (Arora Verelli, 2010). Ceaseless kidney illness is additionally brought about by hypertension, diabetes, issue in veins and glomeruli, contaminations, invulnerable framework issue, inborn scatters, and urinary tract impediments (Guyton Hall, 2005). Clinical side effects for ceaseless kidney sickness are not obvious until the quantity of useful nephrons diminishes by 70-75% (Guyton Hall, 2005). The dynamic crumbling in kidney capacity could at last lead to end-stage renal infection where the patient must experience dialysis to expel squanders from the blood, or transplanted with another kidney. Ceaseless kidney sickness has 5 phases dependent on the GFR (National Kidney Foundation, 2002). Patients with the stage 1-3 of the sickness don't show side effects. At stage 4-5 electrolyte parity and endocrine issue become obvious. It is accepted that the uremic issue saw at stage 5 are because of the amassing of poisons (Arora Verelli, 2010). Expanded maintenance of potassium (hyperkalemia) happens because of failure of the kidneys to discharge potassium. Metabolic acidosis results from the powerlessness of the kidneys to deliver enough smelling salts important to respond with the endogenous corrosive and produce ammonium. Phosphates, sulfates, and other natural anions amass, causing enormous anion holes. Metabolic acidosis expands protein debasement and amino corrosive oxidation, and lessens egg whites amalgamation, bringing about protein-vitality unhealthiness, diminished weight, and expanded muscle shortcoming. Acidosis additionally meddles with Vitamin D digestion and mineral u nevenness bringing about renal osteodystrophy or renal bone malady. Renal bone illness can be turned away with auspicious dietary measures and prescriptions like phosphate fasteners and calcitriol (Renal Resource Center, 2007). Skeletal and extraskeletal confusions result from the movement of renal bone sickness. In incessant kidney ailment, renal bone ailment is arranged into four general sorts: (1) low turnover illness or damaged mineralization; (2) high turnover bone infection achieved by elevated levels of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels; (3) beta-2-microglobulin related bone ailment; and (4) blend of the 3 sicknesses (Arora Verelli, 2010). Conclusion and the board of ceaseless kidney illness Interminable kidney illness is analyzed by research center tests on pee and serum. Serum creatinine as a gauge of glomerular filtration rate, egg whites creatinine proportion in the pee, and assessment of pee silt and dipstick test for erythrocytes and leukocytes are suggested (Levey, et al., 2003). Picture investigation by ultrasound can be performed for patients with indications of stones, contamination, obstacle of the urinary tract and having a family clinical history of polycystic kidney illness. Serum electrolytes ought to be estimated on patients who are hypertensive, diabetic, and the individuals who have been presented to sedate harmfulness. Different tests incorporate urinary focus or weakening, and fermentation for chose patients who present manifestations of polyuria, metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, hypo-and hyperkalemia (significant levels of potassium). Kidney work is surveyed by breaking down serum creatinine alongside a blood urea nitrogen test (Lab Tests Online, 2009). Creatinine leeway means that the effectiveness of the kidneys in sifting little particles through of the blood. A customary and head marker of kidney harm is tenacious or repeating proteinuria (Kean Eknoyan, 1999). Proteins are enormous atoms, and along these lines they can't pass the layers of the glomeruli into the pee. Glomeruli, being contrarily charged, additionally repulse proteins. Size and charge boundaries don't permit the entry of proteins into pee, except if the glomeruli are harmed (Proteinuria and microalbuminuria, 2007). Proteins can be estimated utilizing reagent strip tests for purpose of care discovery and research center tests, including immunoassays (Carter, Tomson, Stevens, Lamb, 2006). At the point when the protein level is in excess of 3500 milligrams, broad glomeruli harm has just happened. An egg whites (or protein)- creatinine proportion higher than 30 mg egg whites/g creatinine, is strange since the cut-off focuses are more noteworthy than 17 mg/g in guys and in excess of 25 mg/g in females (Warram, Gearin, Laffel, Krolewski, 1996; (Jacobs, Murtaugh, Steffes, Yu, Rose man, Goetz, 2002). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is as of now the best test for distinguishing kidney issue. GFR is evaluated utilizing a recipe that utilizes serum creatinine worth, and sexual orientation, age and weight of person. The GFR has been prescribed to be the fundamental measure in arranging kidney ailment. Five phases of interminable kidney sicknesses have been distinguished dependent on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (National Kidney Foundation, 2002). Kidney harm has been proposed with ordinary or expanded GFR of > 90 mL/min per 1.73 m2, while kidneys have just bombed when the GFR significantly diminished at Signs of constant kidney sickness are fluctuated and various. Increment or lessening in levels of significant electrolytes phosphate, potassium and calcium. Different signs are metabolic acidosis, pericarditis, unhealthiness, neuropathies and cardiovascular intricacies (Shlipak, et al., 2005; Tonelli, et al., 2006). The treatment of ceaseless kidney ailment relies upon the phase of the malady and should concentrate on a few significant variables (Arora Verelli, 2010). The essential target is to postpone and end the movement of the ailment by treating the known basic condition (for example hypertension, diabetes). Systolic circulatory strain, hyperlipidemia, and glycemic levels must be controlled, and utilization of angiotensin receptor blockers is suggested. Pathologic manifestations ought to be treated as follows: sickliness with erythropoietin; high phosphate levels with dietary methods for authoritative and limiting phosphate folios; low calcium levels with enhancements and hyperparathyroidism with nutrient D analogs or calcitriol (Arora Verelli, 2010). For uremic signs, dialysis and transplantation are suggested relying upon the phase of the sicknesses, and the signs. Convenient making arrangements for renal transplantation is additionally fundamental so as to set up the patient. Reflection on module Ceaseless kidney sickness is common around the world, with a great many individuals influenced. The survey directed here shows that the ailment has been all around portrayed concerning the purpose of-care and clinical tests for analysis. Constant kidney infection influences the amassing of particles in the blood consequently prompting a large number of unfavorable conditions. The US National Kidney Foundation has led endeavors to normalize and arrange the various stages, demonstrative methodologies and treatment modalities. Evidently, ceaseless kidney illness results from different disarranges. Hence it very well may be forestalled and revised by first forestalling and restoring the fundamental reason. This makes the idea of the infection muddled, and arrangements are likewise mind boggling. What is clear is that kidney sickness is for the most part a consequence of way of life, since most fundamental causes like diabetes, cardiovascular infection, and hyperlipidemia are generally because of ways of life. A restriction in the distributions that were assessed was the absence of clear proposals on how the beginning of incessant kidney malady can be forestalled, and what explicit prescriptions can prompt fix of the glomeruli and the nephrons after harm has happened. Unmistakably, a patient with incessant kidney malady is burdened with the information that a total fix is beyond the realm of imagination; and it just sets aside a matter of effort for one to have the end-stage renal infection. The test for the clinical network is to thought of a reasonable preventive system against kidney infection, and to have other long haul choices beside dialysis or organ transplantation.

Navajo Nation Mini Documentary Day One

Navajo Nation Mini Documentary Day One Ya’ate’eh! Today marks the first day of my study abroad trip to Kayenta Middle School in Kayenta, Arizona. Kayenta is a town on a Navajo reservation. For one week, I will be student teaching not only for the first time, but as the youngest member on my trip. For the next 10 days, I will be documenting my trip, so feel free to follow along! We just departed from the Illini Union and are heading toward Oakley, Kansas for our first stop. We will spend the night and continue on to Delores, Colorado, where we will make our second overnight stop. With 16 future teachers and 4 vans, we are on the road! Photo from Rachel Hernandez I am both ecstatic and nervous for this experience. As the youngest and least experienced member on the trip, I hope to spend much of my time in Kayenta observing, lesson planning, and working in small groups with the students. The teacher I will be working with, Mr. Placke, seems great! His degree is in middle education, and we will be teaching in a 7th grade social studies classroom. From what Mr. Placke has told me, they are beginning the Revolutionary War unit. Luckily, this is a topic I am familiar with, and I cannot wait to see what the students already know! For some background, many of the students at Kayenta Middle School are from low-income families with parents who don’t speak English as their first language. In the past, the schools have been ranked as low or underachieving. That being said, The students are always eager to learn new material. Running sports like cross country and track and field are very popular on the reservation. That’s all I have for an introduction today. More updates to come! Rachel Class of 2020 I am studying Middle Grades Education with concentrations in Social Sciences and Literacy in the College of Education. Although I now reside in Champaign, I am originally from Vernon Hills, a Northwest suburb of Chicago.

The Typical Diet of Sea Otters

Sea otters live in the Pacific Ocean and are found in Russia, Alaska, Washington state and California. These furry marine mammals are one of only a few marine animals known  to use tools to obtain their food. A Sea Otters Diet Sea otters eat a wide variety of prey, including marine invertebrates such as echinoderms (sea stars and sea urchins), crustaceans (e.g., crabs), cephalopods (e.g., squid), bivalves  (clams, mussels, abalone), gastropods (snails), and chitons. How Do Sea Otters Eat? Sea otters obtain their food by diving. Using their webbed feet, which are well adapted for swimming, sea otters can dive more than 200 feet and stay underwater for up to 5 minutes. Sea otters can sense prey using their whiskers. They also use their agile front paws to find and grasp their prey. Sea otters are one of the only mammals  that are been known to use tools to obtain and eat their prey. They can use a rock to dislodge mollusks and urchins from the rocks where they are attached. Once at the surface, they often eat by placing the food on their stomachs, and then placing a rock on their stomachs and then smashing the prey on the rock to open it and get at the flesh inside. Prey Preferences Individual otters in an area seem to have different prey preferences.  A study in California found that among an otter population, different otters specialized in diving at different depths to find different prey items. There are deep-diving otters that eat benthic organisms such as urchins, crabs, and abalone, medium-diving otters that forage for clams and worms and others that feed at the surface on organisms such as snails. These dietary preferences may also make certain otters susceptible to disease. For example, sea otters eating snails in Monterey Bay appear more likely to contract Toxoplama gondii, a parasite found in cat feces. Storage Compartments Sea otters have loose skin and baggy pockets underneath their forelimbs. They can store extra food, and rocks used as tools, in these pockets. Impacts on the Ecosystem Sea otters have a high metabolic rate (that is, they use a high amount of energy) that is 2-3 times that of other mammals their size. Sea otters eat about 20-30% of their body weight each day. Otters weigh 35-90 pounds (males weigh more than females). So, a 50-pound otter would need to eat about 10-15 pounds of food per day. The food sea otters eat can impact the entire ecosystem in which they live. Sea otters have been found to play a pivotal role in the habitat and marine life that inhabit a kelp forest. In a kelp forest, sea urchins can graze on the kelp and eat their holdfasts, resulting in deforesting the kelp from an area. But if sea otters are abundant, they eat sea urchins and keep the urchin population in check, which allows kelp to flourish. This, in turn, provides shelter for sea otter pups and a variety of other marine life, including fish. This allows other marine, and even terrestrial animals, to have abundant amounts of prey. Sources: Estes, J.A., Smith, N.S., and J.F. Palmisano. 1978. Sea otter predation and community organization in the Western Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Ecology 59(4):822-833.Johnson, C.K.,  Tinker, M.T., Estes, J.A., Conrad, P.A., Staedler, M., Miller, M.A., Jessup, D.A. and Mazet, J.A.K. 2009. Prey choice and habitat use drive sea otter pathogen exposure in a resource-limited coastal system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(7):2242-2247Laustsen, Paul. 2008. Alaskas Sea-Otter Decline Affects Health of Kelp Forests and Diet of Eagles. USGS.Newsome, S.D.,  M.T. Tinker, D.H. Monson, O.T. Oftedal, K. Ralls, M. Staedler, M.L. Fogel, and J.A. Estes.  2009. Using stable isotopes to investigate individual diet specialization in California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) Ecology 90: 961-974.Righthand, J. 2011. Otters: The Picky Eaters of the Pacific. Smithsonian Magazine.Sea Otters. Vancouver Aquarium.The Marine Mammal Center. Animal Classification: Sea Otter.

Summary The Crucible - 1074 Words

Aarin Rutkin Bonnie Ronson Enc 1102 12- March- 2017 Corrupt Salem The desire to be seen as perfect is seen among every human. It has been taken up by the puritan community as the way of life. Puritan belief has made it tremendously hard to not throw shame and regret on people. It causes children to act up due to them being able to get recognized. Everyone would constantly be blamed for things that weren t bad to the community but due to human nature, they were blamed for benefiting them. Which in itself is not the act of a true puritanism. Women ( specifically young girls) all had a huge impact on Salem that caused lies and new beliefs. 3 women were the main cause of all the sales madness and mayhem these women were Abigail†¦show more content†¦The puritan officials control their people and teach them with respect, no signs of laziness, no theater, erotic poetry, or gambling. This all caused the girls dancing look terrible and in order to save themselves and still get what they want Abigail and the girls found to use manip ulation of their young innocence. While Abigail Williams had a huge influence on the hysteria in Salem, Tituba was the start. She gathered all of the girls and had them dance while she would sing. Whether it is known she was trying to conjure, attempting to conjure spirits or just to play in the woods is unknown. Miller states I saw Tituba waving her arms over the fire when I came on you†¦And I heard a screeching and gibberish comin‘ from her mouth†¦ She always sings her Barbados songs and we dance(p 2). This shows that there is a chance the girls may not truly know why they were doing what they were doing. If Tituba did not start this gathering in the first place than the entire town would not have had hysteria spread through it so vigorously. Tituba ended up getting to live even though it was never said if she truly was a witch it was never classified. Mary Warren had a very interesting role in the crucible she started off by being accused of doing witchcraft to being an accuser to telling on the other accusers for being false and going to court. Mary was John Proctors maid after Abigail got fired. When Marry realized the Johns wife sShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The Crucible 1151 Words   |  5 Pages6. Plot summary â€Å"The Crucible† is a play that takes place in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. The play starts in the woods, the characters Abigail, Betty, Tituba, Mary Warren, and Mercy Lewis were casting spells in the forest. Samuel Parris catches them in the woods and Betty passes out. They go to the Proctors house to make sure Betty is okay. Parris is contemplating on what the town will think of him when they find out what has happened. He tells Abigail to tell him what happened in the woods. AbigailRead MoreSummary : The Crucible 1272 Words   |  6 PagesBlake Allison Period #1 AP NOVEL FORM 1. Title (underline): The Crucible 2. Author (first and last name) and date of first publication: Arthur Miller 1953 3. List four main characters with a one-sentence description of each. a. John Proctor- John Proctor, the husband of Elizabeth Proctor, is a serious farmer who lives on the edge of Salem hiding the secret sin of his adultery and disbelieving in the witch trials. b. Reverend Parris- Reverend Parris, the Reverend in Salem, is a conceitedRead MoreSummary Of The Crucible 1242 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 11 D1B2 21 October 2014 Why is Extremism in Any Form Dangerous? I feel that extremism is dangerous because it can lead to intolerance, lying and hurting others. Misconception and fright can lead to prejudice. In Arthur Miller’s play, â€Å"The Crucible† people who refuse to admit to dealing with the Devil will be hanged. In fear of dying, people who have been accused but haven’t actually dealt with the devil admit to something they haven’t done in order to escape demise. Reverend Hale says to JohnRead MoreSummary Of The Crucible 978 Words   |  4 PagesSlave, it is a strong word that, according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is defined as, â€Å"Someone who is legally owned by another person and is forced to work for that person without pay.†1 Plutarch describes the leader of the Rebellion (Spartacus the slave) as strong, invincible, and barbaric. Spartacus and his rallied men escaped confinement from the Roman Republic and fought back because they wanted to be free from the horrible situation they were put in. Also, the gladiators were tough andRead MoreSummary : The Crucible Essay964 Words   |   4 PagesOpportunities, Fall Semester 2015 Extra Credit Opportunity #4: Attend a performance of â€Å"The Crucible† on one of the following performance dates: Oct 10, 15, 16, or 17 at 7:30pm or the matinee performance on Sunday, Oct 18 at 2pm at the SMSU Fine Arts Theatre Note: The performance on Thurs, Oct 15, is free to all SMSU students with a valid student ID. Admission at all other performances is $10. â€Å"The Crucible† is a fictionalized account of events that occurred during the Salem Witch Trials. SalemRead MoreSummary Of The Crucible Essay711 Words   |  3 Pages Ms. Elliott AP Language and Composition 22 May 2016 Miller, Arthur. The Crucible. New York: A. Meyerson, 1953. Print. The Crucible, a play, by American playwright Arthur Miller, is set in the small New England town of Salem Massachusetts in 1992. The play opens with Reverend Parris praying beside his daughter Betty Parris s bed. In the bed Betty lies in some sort of paralyzed state. The town s doctor, Doctor Griggs, does not know of a medicine to cure Betty’s symptoms and advises ReverendRead MoreSummary : The Crucible 1624 Words   |  7 Pagesjournal #1- narrative Today I went into town in order to see what all this witchcraft commotion was all about. According to Reverend Parris his daughter, Betty, has been bewitched. All this sounds a bit crazy to me because the details do not add up. I see Abigail and hope not to make conversation with her, but eventually I am alone with her and she explains everything to me. She begins by declaring her love for me and how much she misses me and does not go a day without thinking about me. She thenRead MoreSummary Of The Crucible 1892 Words   |  8 PagesNoemi Boyd Etheridge AP Literature Per. 2 Nov. 25th, 2014 Title: The Crucible Year of Publication: 1953 Author: Arthur Miller Setting and Time Period: Salem Massachusetts during 1692 and 1693 Primary Characters: Abigail Williams - Niece of Reverend Parris, she is leader of the girls in town and has had affair with John Proctor. John Proctor - Husband of Elizabeth and a hard working man; tries to set Abigail straight by exposing the truth between them but is too worried for his reputation. ReverendRead MoreSummary Of The Crucible 2006 Words   |  9 Pagesof a person as an accused or a sinner happens because of the intolerance to any deviation from the society beliefs. This is seen in the play,The Crucible; articles Death Penalty Disgrace and A True Confession. In these articles, the main thing that stands out is that people can be emotionally manipulated because of their conscious. In The Crucible , each and every character was a scapegoat, either to the unproven beliefs or to vengeance. In the case of Death Penalty Disgrace, Mr. Davis was aRead MoreSummary Of Arthur Miller s The Crucible 1443 Words   |  6 PagesStephanie Provenzano 3rd Period 1. Title: The Crucible 2. Author and date of first publication: Arthur Miller, 1953 3. List four main characters with a one-sentence description of each. a. John Proctor, he is a farmer in his mid-thirties living in Salem, as a well respected man in society he sets an example to all of the other citizens; he is married to Elizabeth practice and has 3 sons. b. Abigail, she is a seventeen year old girl who lives with her uncle, Reverend Parris, because her parents

The Environmental Non Governmental Organizations Education Essay Free Essays

string(248) " is really limited information available that explores the perceptual experience of people towards NGOs \( Vasquez, 2010 \) , old surveies have assessed the perceptual experience of local people and pupils towards these organisations \( Ivy et al\." Environmental non-governmental organisations ( ENGOs ) are going one of the noticeable histrions today in biological preservation. A study was conducted on the university pupils of Central Mindanao University ( CMU ) , Philippines and National Chung Hsing University ( NCHU ) , Taiwan to measure their perceptual experience towards ENGOs and if their sentiments are influenced by demographic variables. The survey besides explores the pupils ‘ involvement and respect about biological preservation as a major issue locally or globally. We will write a custom essay sample on The Environmental Non Governmental Organizations Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now A sum of 273 university pupils were surveyed from different classs in both states. The consequences showed that most pupils from both states were non familiar with ENGOs and indicated a impersonal mentality towards their trust to these organisations. CMU pupils perceived the local people as the most responsible stakeholder while on the other manus NCHU pupils signified the authorities as the most dependable establishment. The nationality and academic major of the pupils were found to hold a strong association in the pupils ‘ perceptual experience of the most responsible stakeholder. The pupils from both states besides believed that the environmental issues are the most serious jobs in the universe, followed by societal and preservation issues. Furthermore, CMU and NCHU pupils were more concerned about societal jobs than preservation issues in their several hometowns, although they have contrasting positions about the major societal jobs they are confronting. NCHU pupils, nevertheless, expressed more involvement in environmental issues than CMU pupils, both in local and planetary graduated table. The nationality of the pupils showed a positive relationship with their perceptual experience towards the major of import issues in the universe and in their communities. ENGOS should exercise more attempts in affecting the college pupils of Taiwan and Philippines in their run plans to better the pupils ‘ engagement and perceptual experience towards these organisations. KEYWORDS: environmental nongovernmental organisations, pupils ‘ perceptual experience, Philippines, Taiwan, biological preservation Introduction With all the services and chances that biodiversity provide the human public, it is of import to keep and conserve the Earth ‘s biological resources. Biological preservation must be reinforced to prolong the profusion and variableness of different life-forms and their home grounds ( Spellerberg and Hardes, 1992 ) . One of the stakeholders involved in this enterprise are the Environmental Non-governmental Organizations ( ENGOs ) , which are mostly concerned in delivering biological resources from fast extinctions and debasements ( Gunter, 2004 ) . These organisations employ different schemes in their projects. They act the function of experts ( Charnovitz, 1996 ; Esty, 1998 ) , raise consciousness runs ( Bauer, 2006 ) , anteroom policymakers ( Binder and Neumayer, 2005 ) and authorise local communities ( Raustiala, 1997 ) . ENGOs in the Philippines proliferated during the Martial Law Period of President Marcos in the 1970s until the early 1980s ( Teehankee, 1993 ) . Serious environmental debasements during and after the absolutism have prompted the Filipino authorities to go through a figure of environmental Torahs and policies ( Magallona and Malayang, 2000 ) . The democratisation of the state officially acknowledged the importance of NGOs in the Filipino society ( Soledad, 2006 ) . The activities of Filipino ENGOs are engaged chiefly in natural resource direction, community organizing, pollution control, biodiversity development, land debasement and dirt preservation ( Magallona and Malayang, 2000 ) . They besides build partnerships with other NGOs, academia, media, grassroots organisations, anteroom politicians, empower autochthonal people and behavior scientific research and circulate studies to the populace ( Lucas, n.d. ; Magno, 1993 ; Bryant, 2001 ) . It is estimated that there are about 3,000 NGOs that focus on the environment and rank to these groups largely come from the young person, scientists, professionals, retired persons, altruists, politicians and business communities ( Lucas, n.d ) . They obtain support from many-sided givers, authorities bureaus, rank fees, local and foreign contributions, income-generating activities, local and transnational companies, local and international NGOs ( ADB, 2007 ) . The issue on NGOs ‘ deficiency of resources and managerial capablenesss frequently limit their influence on the Filipino society in relation with their ends and involvements ( Teehankee, 1993 ; ADB, 2007 ) . Like the Philippines, Chinese ENGOs came to turn after the Kuomintang ( KMT ) Martial Law epoch ended in the late eightiess ( Hsiao, 1999 ) . The rapid industrialisation of Taiwan and the authorities ‘s thrust for economic growing has been pointed out to do major environmental crisis in Taiwan ( Edmonds, 1996 ; Tong, 2005 ; Yang, 2008 ) . In response to the dismaying environmental crisis, the Chinese authorities has passed several Torahs, policies and ordinances ( Edmonds, 1996 ; Lin, 2001, Yang, 2008 ) . ENGOs in Taiwan by and large drew rank from bookmans and professionals ( Tong, 2005 ) and addressed issues chiefly on pollution control, resistance to atomic power workss, and biological preservation ( Hsiao, 1999 ) . Furthermore, they are besides active in forming grassroots presentations and public hearings, educating the populace on environmental issues, oversing authorities policies, publicising environmental issues, and let go ofing imperativeness studies ( Tong, 2005 ; M cBeath and Leng, 2006 ) . There are merely about 300 ENGOs that operate in Taiwan and some of which operate as government-organized NGOs ( McBeath and Leng, 2006 ) . Taiwan ENGOs acquire funding support largely from rank fees, contributions, and authorities grants ( Edmonds, 1996 ; Lin, 2001 ) . Due to its political position, international loaning establishments like the Asian Development Bank and World Bank are non aggressive subscribers in the local environmental protection runs, which make foreign fund supports difficult to obtain ( McBeath and Leng, 2006 ) . The common encountered restraints by Chinese ENGOs are the troubles in enrolling members, acquiring fiscal support, deficiency of information channels from international ENGOS and deficiency of equal managerial capacity ( Hsiao, 1999 ; Yang, 2008 ) . In malice of the support to Filipino and Taiwanese ENGOs, there are still restricting factors that affect their range in accomplishing the groups ‘ ends and involvements. The contentions that involved ENGOs and the NGO sector in general ( Gibelman and Gelman, 2004 ; Jepson, 2005 ) have a serious impact on their image to the populace and every bit good as impacting their legitimacy, credibleness and ability in acquiring fiscal support. The present survey selected the college pupils as respondents because they are assumed to be the future stewards and leaders of the society ( Sia Su, 2007 ) . Although there is really limited information available that explores the perceptual experience of people towards NGOs ( Vasquez, 2010 ) , old surveies have assessed the perceptual experience of local people and pupils towards these organisations ( Ivy et al. You read "The Environmental Non Governmental Organizations Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" , 1998 ; Wong, 2003 ; Hyseni, 2008 ) . The aim of this survey is to exemplify the perceptual experience of the college pupils towards the functions of ENGOs in biological preservation, utilizing two representative universities, Central Mindanao University ( CMU ) and National Chung Hsing University ( NCHU ) of the Philippines and Taiwan, and to measure if their point of views are influenced by demographic factors such as nationality, gender, academic major, and age. This research besides intends to turn to a figure of inquiries: ( a ) How do college pupils of CMU and NCHU regard biological preservation as an issue, in their ain place state or worldwide? ; ( B ) How do these college pupils rank ENGOs compared to other stakeholders involved in biological preservation? ; ( degree Celsius ) How much do these college pupils trust ENGOs? ; and ( vitamin D ) How willing are these college pupils to take part in biological preservation attempts by ENGOs? Method The research survey involved 137 and 136 college pupils of Central Mindanao University ( CMU ) , Philippines and National Chung Hsing University ( NCHU ) , Taiwan severally. This was conducted last February to March 2010. In both states, merely two universities were approached due to clip restraints and to be able to ease a manageable survey. The study involved pupils from different classs in CMU and NCHU. CMU respondents were pupils taking Agriculture, Biology, Veterinary Medicine, Engineering and Nursing classs. Respondents from NCHU were pupils taking Forestry, Commerce, Engineering, Political Science, Foreign Language and Mathematics. The questionnaire was pre-tested with a few pupils in NCHU, and alterations were made consequently to better the lucidity of the inquiries. The questionnaires given to CMU respondents were in English while the Mandarin version was given to the NCHU respondents. The different socio-demographic information of the respondents such as age, gender, academic major, degree of survey, and nationality were ab initio asked. The succeeding inquiries were posed to obtain the respondents ‘ ( 1 ) general perceptual experience and consciousness towards biological preservation, ( 2 ) perceptual experience and consciousness towards ENGOS and ( 3 ) willingness to take part in biological preservation attempts of NGOS. The study was carried out both inside and outside the schoolroom, and about, it took 10 proceedingss per respondent to make full out the questionnaire. Data analysis was performed utilizing Statistical Analysis System ( SAS ) . Chi-square trials were used to find whether socio-demographic variables influenced the pupils ‘ sentiments about the ENGOs. The age groups and academic big leagues were divided into two classs. Respondents below 18 were added to the 18-20 age class and those above 25 were included in the 21-25 age groups. The academic big leagues were farther categorized into biology-related and non-biology-related. Biology-related classs in this respect pertains to train such as agribusiness, forestry, veterinary medical specialty, and biological science while non-biology related classs includes technology, nursing, commercialism, foreign linguistic communication, political scientific discipline and mathematics. The degree of trust held by CMU and NCHU pupils with regard to the different statements refering ENGOs were highlighted in Table 7. Most of the respondents from the two universities rated â€Å" impersonal † ( bespeaking neither agreed nor disagreed to the statement ) when surveyed about their assurance on ENGOs ‘ â€Å" cognition and competency † and â€Å" answerability in the efficient usage of money † in work outing environmental jobs. Furthermore, when asked if ENGOs are influenced by political parties in their several local countries, most pupils from CMU and NCHU said â€Å" Yes † ( 49.26 % and 53.38 % , severally ) . Both CMU and NCHU expressed high concern over societal issues in their several hometowns, while environmental and preservation issues were less recognized. The two groups of respondents had different perceptual experiences on the local societal jobs. Most of the CMU respondents were peculiarly concerned about poorness, corruptness and unemployment. The prevalence of poorness in the Philippines ( CIA World Factbook, 2010 ) could be a conducive factor to the CMU pupils ‘ concern for poorness. The issue on political corruptness has besides been a battle in the Philippines ( Thompson, 2001 ) . Furthermore, the state ‘s unemployment rate is high. Its population, estimated at 92.23 million, is projected to make 111 million by 2015 ( National Statistics Office, 2009 ) . NCHU pupils were largely concerned about unemployment, and seemed to be less troubled by the issues of corruptness and poorness. Their concern for unemployment is attributed to the recent economic recession wherein legion occupations were lost in Taiwan ( Chan, 2009 ) . Taiwan ‘s economic position is about comparable to a developed state ( Lin, 2009 ) which could assist explicate why merely a little proportion of NCHU pupils considered poorness as a job. Whereas the deficiency of concern over corruptness may bespeak that the job is non serious in Taiwan but it does non needfully intend that the job does non wholly exist ( Transparency International, 2009 ) . NCHU respondents besides expressed more concern in both environmental and preservation issues than CMU respondents. This could be attributed to the environmental debasement attach toing Taiwan ‘s rapid industrialisation in the past old ages ( Agoramoorthy, 2009 ) . The Philippines has besides faced ecological crisis ( Posa et al. , 2008 ) but the CMU pupils may care less about environmental issues because of other societal-generated jobs. The difference in CMU and NCHU perceptual experiences towards environmental issues could besides be attributed to the school ‘s geographical location. CMU is located in a rural scene while NCHU belong in an urban country. As Hsiao et Al. ( 2002 ) contends, the rural people have a different relationship to nature than the metropolis people. Although NCHU pupils seemed to be comparatively concerned about biological preservation, most of them were non cognizant to international environmental understanding compared to CMU pupils. This could be attributed to Taiwan ‘s international political position, non being recognized as a â€Å" state † by UN criterions ( MacBeath and Leng 2006 ; Lin, 2009 ) and therefore Taiwan was isolated from take parting in international environmental dialogues. On the other manus, the Philippines have signed to some international environmental pacts ( Magallona and Malayang, 2000 ) which could explicate why CMU pupils were largely cognizant about international environmental acme. Percepts and Awareness of Students towards ENGOs Most CMU and NCHU respondents were non peculiarly cognizant of ENGOs in their several hometowns. Although there are a figure of national ENGOs operating in the Philippines, peculiarly in the Metropolitan Manila and the chief island Luzon ( Magallona and Malayang, 2000 ) , CMU pupils might non still be cognizant of them sing the archipelagic nature of the state. Unlike in Luzon, there are merely a few established ENGOs that operate in Mindanao ( PSDN, 2010 ) , the island where CMU is situated. The less figure of ENGOs which are actively working in Taiwan ( MacBeath and Leng, 2006 ) could be the ground besides for less consciousness by NCHU pupils. The CMU pupils perceived the local people as the most responsible stakeholder in biological preservation. Although there were several preservation plans initiated by the Filipino authorities ( Magalona and Malayang, 2000 ) , the respondents ‘ low assurance on their authorities may hold stemmed from the prevailing issues of corruptness ( Thompson, 2001 ) and therefore, their perceptual experience shifted towards tilting on the local people as accountable and more reliable on holding the ideal place in pull offing their biological resources ( Posa et al. , 2008 ) . On the other manus, the NCHU pupils believed more in the attempts of their authorities in biological preservation. This could be mostly attributed to the launching of huge educational runs by the Taiwan authorities in advancing preservation consciousness to the populace ( Wong, 2001 ) . The authorities establishment in Taiwan has the fiscal and human resources besides to transport out monolithic preservation plans. The fiscal restraints by both Taiwan and Philippine ENGOs could besides be a important factor with regard to the extent of their preservation actions. In Taiwan, most contributions normally go to local spiritual organisations ( Lin et al. , 2005 ) . On the other manus, the poorness state of affairs in the Philippines is a major restraint in donating to these organisations ( Jiao, 2008 ) . The less acknowledgment by CMU and NCHU pupils of ENGOs as a stakeholder in biological preservation farther implies that ENGOs should demo more effectivity and value in their attempts, particularly in affecting college pupils. The nationality and academic major of the pupils were found to be important variables in act uponing their perceptual experience of the most responsible stakeholders in biological preservation. Students with classs related to biological science are more open to preservation issues and therefore, more likely to exhibit high degrees of cognition refering the environment. This is besides in conformity with the consequences of Tikka et Al. ( 2000 ) . Most pupils from both universities could non peculiarly agree nor disagree to the cognition, competency and answerability of ENGOs in turn toing preservation issues. But the two groups of respondents agreed that these organisations are capable by political use. CMU pupils ‘ perceptual experience might be affected by the reported dirts on some development and environmental NGOs before ( Bryant, 2002 ; Songco, 2007 ) . On the other manus, NCHU pupils ‘ positions towards ENGOs might be influenced by some pro-development persons who think these organisations aggressive signifiers of actions might interrupt the state ‘s foreign investors ( MacBeath and Leng, 2006 ) . Although ENGOs are one of the seeable and active subscribers to nature preservation, their representation should besides show unity, earnestness and trust, non merely to the college pupils but to the whole populace, with regard to its nature as a fund-dependent organisation. Students ‘ Conservation Behavior Both CMU and NCHU respondents had low respect in back uping ENGOs as a worthwhile personal activity in protecting the environment. However, if there will be ENGOs present in their local country, the CMU pupils are willing to take part actively by giving clip. While the NCHU pupils expressed willingness to back up but could non offer both clip and money. Most of the pupils expressed private preservation behaviour ( e.g. personal enterprises ) instead than public behaviours ( e.g. back uping activities of NGOs ) . This besides suggests that ENGOs need to better on how to present their purposes on preservation attempts affecting the pupils. ENGOs should develop ways on how pupils could easy derive entree of information on their environmental runs and plans and perchance, the degree of engagement would increase. The deficiency of involvement by CMU and NCHU pupils in fall ining conservation-themed pupil nines may be parallel to their indifference in ENGO ‘s preservation attempts. Decision The present survey demonstrates that CMU and NCHU college pupils were non unusually concerned about biological preservation issues, globally or locally. Social precedences in the pupils ‘ respective and immediate milieus by and large influenced their mentalities towards preservation issues. The pupils ‘ deficiency of involvement in preservation issues further implies that any biological saving thrusts and runs, whether initiated by ENGOs or any other stakeholder, may non be as effectual and greatly participated, sing that they have other pressing concerns in head. ENGOs ‘ deficiency of outreach plans and hapless selling thrust in the academia sector could be a important factor in the waning involvement and weak acknowledgment in the Black Marias of the immature public. College pupils, on the other manus, should be cognizant of their societal and environmental duties since they will be the stewards of biological resources in the hereafter. They have to recognize that ENGOs are their spouses in this enterprise and that they are besides a valuable component in the organisations ‘ sustainability in turn toing environmental protection. It would besides be interesting for the two universities to better their environmental instruction plans by presenting a more specific topic entirely turn toing environmental and preservation issues. This could excite and perchance alter the pupils ‘ concern and mentality towards the environment. Increasing the sample size from different universities and parts in both states would hold better represented the Philippines and Taiwan in comparing the pupils ‘ perceptual experiences on ENGOs. Stratified choice of respondents from different strata is besides recommended in future surveies to guarantee a representative subdivision of the different demographic variables. How to cite The Environmental Non Governmental Organizations Education Essay, Essay examples

Christian Holidays Taken from Wiccan/Pagan Sabbats Essay Example For Students

Christian Holidays Taken from Wiccan/Pagan Sabbats Essay Christian Holidays Taken From Wiccan/Pagan Sabbats Melissa Ezzell COM 220 July 4, 2010 Titilayo Evans Christianity and Wicca (Paganism/Neo-Paganism), what do you know about these two religions? When I was growing up I believed in the Christian beliefs; however I now practice Wicca. Look closely at the Christian religion and notice how similar it is to Wicca. Although denied by most Christians the similarities are there because â€Å"Christianity began in the middle of Pagan culture† (Kane, p. 12). Is the origin of Christianity based on ancient Pagan beliefs or is it wholly original? Christianity started around four BC (History of Christianity, 2004; Anonymous, Timeline of Christianity, 2006) yet Wicca was said to have started around 2000 BC (Anonymous, Timeline of Neopaganism, Wicca, and Witchcraft, 2005). However, most of Wiccans practice what is now known as â€Å"modern† Wicca, which was founded approximately in 1949 with the first Wiccan publication, by a man named Gardner (History of Paganism, 2004). In the time of Christ, paganism was known as the mystery religion. Paganism was called as such because of the secretive nature and lack of writings associated with them. â€Å"A variety of mystery religions were practiced throughout the empire, but most of them held in common a heavy element of secrecy, the use of syncretism in their belief and practice, and a focus on the death and resurrection of a savior-god† (Anonymous, Timeline of Neopaganism, Wicca, and Witchcraft, 2005, p. 15). However, witches no longer have to be secretive and practice in the dark, but some witches will still practice in secret because of the fear that has been â€Å"burned† into their hearts. Most of the knowledge of these pagan religions dates from the second century (Anonymous, The Historical Context of Christianity, 2004). Around four BC when Jesus was born is about the time Christianity was believed to begin. Before Jesus went on his ministry, approximately 28 Common Era (CE), John the Baptist began spreading the word of the Christian God and the coming of his kingdom (History of Christianity, 2004). The precise duration of Jesus’s ministry is unknown, but many estimates suggest that his public work lasted between one and three years† (History of Christianity, 2004, p. 4). The life of Jesus was cut short when the Romans executed him (History of Christianity, 2004). After Jesus died he was said to rise again, and the â€Å"rebirth† is celebrated on Easter. O stara is one example of pagan influence on Christianity. Other examples include the sites of where Catholics built their churches, their saints who were, in fact, Goddesses and Gods, their holy days, and cultural celebrations. Most of the Christian holidays have been taken from pagan holidays and beliefs (Anonymous, The Historical Context of Christianity, 2004). For example: * Groundhog Day is Imbolc (Robinson, 2002), * Easter is Ostara aka Spring Equinox (Anonymous, Easter; Its Pagan Origins, 2009) * Christmas, which is Yule (Robinson, 2002) * May Day, which is Beltane (Robinson, 2002) * Halloween, which is Samhain (Robinson, 2002) * the names for days, weeks, and months, common sayings, and numerous other traditions associated with holidays (Robinson, 2002) According to the website  Pagan Origins of the Christ Myth  (POCM), â€Å"Mediterranean cultures in the ancient world ‘shared standard ideas about Gods and their powers and place in the universe Christianity simply adopted those ideas and applied them to Jesus’† (Kane) Here is a look at which Christian holidays were taken from Wiccan Sabbats (Anonymous, A Comparative Look at Catholicism and Wicca, 2000) (The Wiccan Sabbats are on the outside of the ring) The Holiday for Lammas is also known as Lughnasadh, which is celebrated on August first (Anonymous, Wiccan and Neopagan Festivals, 2007). Modern paganism’s history has been debated both within and outside of it. There are claims that its traditions have been preserved and secretly handed down through the generations. Other suggestions are that the â€Å"ancient traditions† are twentieth century constructions for which customs and tales of folk religion have been the inspiration (History of Paganism, 2004). Fine Arts Budget Cuts EssayAlexander Sanders was born in 1926 and died in 1988, he became known as the â€Å"King of Witches. Alexander is also the founder of Alexandrian Wicca which is one of the major Wiccan/Witchcraft traditions. It is said that, at the age of seven, he ran across his grandmother performing some type of ritual. When she noticed that he was there, she was taken aback and initiated him on the spot and swore him to secrecy. He became her student on the path of the â€Å"Old Religion. † After his grandmother passed away, he claimed that she had given him her Book of Shadows. It was said that he tried to gain entrance into some of the Gardnerian covens, which in turn refused him. He managed to obtain a copy of the Gardnerian Book of Shadow, which he copied and added a few of his own writings as well. Claiming the book was his grandmother’s Book of Shadows. After convincing â€Å"the Manchester Evening News† to put an article about Wicca on the front page, a large group of people started following the â€Å"Alexandrian Wicca. † He taught classes and ran the coven from his home in London and was said to have initiated more than 1623 witches into 100 different covens across the country. Here is a picture of Alexander Sanders (Knowles, Alex Sanders (1926-1988), 2001) (Knowles, Alex Sanders (1926-1988), 2001) So in conclusion, there is proof that Christian holidays are taken from Pagan Sabbats. Although there are not many documents prior to the â€Å"birth† of the Gardnerian Wicca, there is evidence of Wicca/Paganism pre-dating Christianity. The lack of documentation can be easily explained by the persecution, suppression, and systematic destruction of the pagan religions by the Christians. In the middle of the 20th Century, Gardner and others revived and published books on paganism. Paganism is now recognized as mainstream religion. Pagan traditions were passed down verbally until Sanders broke the vow of secrecy with his publicized material. Please note that the â€Å"p† in citations is for paragraphs. Works Cited Anonymous. (2000). A Comparative Look at Catholicism and Wicca. Retrieved July 3, 2010, from Northco: http://www. northco. net/chenke/comp_1. html Anonymous. (2009, December 26). Easter; Its Pagan Origins. Retrieved July 1, 2010, from Religious Tolerance: http://www. religioustolerance. org/easter1. htm Anonymous. (2004, December 27). The Historical Context of Christianity. Retrieved May 21, 2010, from ReligionFacts: http://www. religionfacts. com/christianity/history/context. htm Anonymous. (2006, August 27). Timeline of Christianity. Retrieved May 21, 2010, from ReligionFacts: http://www. religionfacts. com/christianity/timeline. htm Anonymous. (2005, April 16). Timeline of Neopaganism, Wicca, and Witchcraft. Retrieved May 21, 2010, from ReligionFacts: http://www. religionfacts. com/neopaganism/timeline. htm Anonymous. (2007, February 9). Wiccan and Neopagan Festivals. Retrieved May 23, 2010, from Religion Facts: http://www. religionfacts. com/neopaganism/festivals. htm History of Christianity. (2004). Religious Holidays Calendars. Retrieved June 23, 2010, from Credo reference: http://www. credoreference. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/entry/ogirholidays/history_of_christianity History of Paganism. (2004). Religious Holidays Calendars. Retrieved June 23, 2010, from Credo Reference: http://www. credoreference. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/entry/ogirholidays/the_history_of_paganism Kane, G. (n. d. ). Victors History. Retrieved June 1, 2010, from Pagan Origins of Christian Myth: http://www. pocm. info/getting_started_victors_history. html Knowles, G. 2003, October 3). Aleister Crowley (1875-1947). Retrieved July 4, 2010, from Controversial: http://www. controverscial. com/Aleister%20Crowley. htm Knowles, G. (2001, May 4). Alex Sanders (1926-1988). Retrieved July 4, 2010, from Controverscial: http://www. controverscial. com/Alex%20Sanders. htm Knowles, G. (2001, May 26). Gerald Brosseau Gardner (1884-1964). Retrieved July 4, 2010, from Controver sial: http://www. controverscial. com/Gerald%20Brosseau%20Gardner. htm Robinson, B. A. (2002, August 6). Christianity, Ancient Celtic Beliefs, and Witchcraft. Retrieved June 23, 2010, from Religious Tolerance: http://www. eligioustolerance. org/wic_chr. htm Wakefield, M. (2004, December 18). We are all pagans now: paganism is one of our fastest-growing religions. Mary Wakefield talks to a druid and finds out why witchcraft appeals to 21st-century Britain. Retrieved July 04, 2010, from General One File: http://find. galegroup. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/gps/retrieve. do? contentSet=IAC-DocumentsresultListType=RESULT_LISTqrySerId=Locale(en,,):FQE%3D(SU,None,10)%22paganism%22$sgHitCountType=NoneinPS=truesort=DateDescendsearchType=BasicSearchFormtabID

Becton Dickinson Human Resource Management

Introduction Becton Dickinson (BD) is a company whose main business is to supply medical products and diagnostic systems to clinical laboratories, hospitals, pharmacies, and to physicians’ offices. The company had been involved in other businesses before the year 1983 when it started restructuring and focusing purely on health care business.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Becton Dickinson: Human Resource Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In fact, the company divested from a number of other businesses and used the proceeds to increase its capital layout in its health care division, namely medical and diagnostic products. The company became a leader in the manufacture of I.V. catheters. In addition, the company also bought back some of its shares worth 3 million. This move led to an increase in its profits between 1983 and 1986, after which profitability started declining. Its major strategy was to address new market requirements with peculiar products based on technology in order to build on its existing business and distribution strengths (Williamson 1). Assessment of Strategic Human Resource Management Profiling The human resource department is an important department in the profiling process. Profiling is a process that requires skills and expertise since it will have a major impact on the whole organization in the long run (Kozami 156). If the process fails the whole organization fails, and if it succeeds it is reflected in the success of the organization. Howe appointed Gilmartin to become the vice president for Corporate Planning. Profiling was introduced in Becton Dickson in the year 1988 when Gilmartin became the CEO. He applied the SHRM profiling process in the corporate strategies, following its success at the divisional level. This led to changes in the way the company was to be managed. The changes were to help the company in its developmental strategies.Ad vertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It became evident that SHRM would have a positive impact on the organization in the future, but its implementation would not be an easy exercise. However, Wessel was aware that the problem could be managed and make the whole process a success (Williamson 35). This indicates that the process of profiling, if conducted efficiently, can be helpful to the organization. It is a source of competitive advantage. It changed the divisional level towards the right direction. It also enabled the divisional manager to implement strategies in the division and reformulate them. One of the major aims of profiling is to ensure that the manager is capable of effectively implementing strategies in the organization. It is important to note that a strategy will always be successful if the manager is able to align it with all the elements of the organization. This was one of the bases of assessment in Becton Dickson. Strategic human resource management assumes that the workers in the organization are aware of the areas where the organization is not aligned with the strategies. They have experienced the organization and, therefore, they understand where the barriers are. Therefore, the SHRM should ensure that all employees are aware of the strategies. At Becton Dickinson, the SHRM had the initiative to ensure that every employee in the company was aware of the company strategies. In addition, the management was responsible for hiring the right individuals to ensure management talent within the organization that would help it in the implementation of the proposed strategies. The SHRM should also have devised ways of assessing the performance of employees. This would help them take the appropriate action in time in case the employees did not perform as expected. It is difficult for the organization to implement its development strategies if employees do not perform as they are expected to.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Becton Dickinson: Human Resource Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is important to note that the human resource in an organization gives the company a competitive advantage (Salaman, Storey and Billsberry 2). It is, therefore, the responsibility of the human resource managers to ensure the organization has the right individuals for the various positions. The concept of strategic human resource management was introduced in BD by Fred Bryant in the year 1987. The HR managers set strategies, which the employees are made aware of and are required to act according to the strategies to achieve the organizational long term objectives (Salaman, Storey and Billsberry 2). Generally, SHRM links the human resource in the organization with the strategic goals to foster development and innovation. At first, SHRM brought succes s to the company since division presidents started to review the methods they use to organize and manage people; they used data to solve the organizational problems. However, this did not last for long. Some managers such as Ralph Biggadike felt that SHRM was not evenly implemented. Managers did not have the skills to manage complex processes that came with the introduction of SHRM. This called for standardization of the process. SHRM profiling was then introduced in order to help in the development of people who had the capability of implementing business strategy. This brought in changes in the organization. However, managers still complained that the process focused more on the negative aspects of the business and tended to ignore the positives. When SHRM was formed, it was to complement the strategic profiling. It was able to identify the barriers to the organizational strategies. First, cooperation is important for the success of strategies in an organization. The members of th e organization failed to cooperate; therefore, implementation of strategies failed. For instance, the management is responsible for appointments, and in BD there was a Management Review Committee (MRC) that was established for this initiative.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the committee did not perform its duties to perfection for some reasons. First, the committee did not hold regular meetings to assess the performance of managers and their developmental requirements. Secondly, the members of the committee were always very busy such that it was not easy to have them all assemble for a meeting. Finally, they did not meet regularly to discuss openings in major positions, as well as the availability of personnel to fill in the positions (Williamson 11). In addition, the human resource of the company failed in implementing management development. They hired people to fill key positions from outside the organization. They could not identify low performers in time. Division managers felt that employees who were newly hired should have start performing immediately they joined BD. As a result, the HR managers preferred recruiting people from competitor companies. This led to lack of depth in the organization. Gilmartin recognized the problem and the need to discuss the problem with the HR vice president, Jim Wessel, so that they could find a way to align the company’s strategy with the human resource. SHRM profiling has the ability to address the issues that prevent implementation of strategies and change in the organization. Once the relevant issues are identified, the SHRM should come up with discussions on how to improve on them to ease implementation. SHRM profiling at Becton Dickson was able to spur organizational change. The managers were able to come up with change plans. But the poor communication was a barrier. This is one of the issues that SHRM addressed to enable implementation of changes. The cross-functional coordination also improved. It is, therefore, important for organizations to embrace introduction of SHRM profiling. Many organizations that have failed in strategic development can benefit greatly from SHRM profiling. Generally, the SHRM profiling process was beneficial to the organization since it br ought improvements in most business units. The human resource was aligned with the company’s strategies to improve the efficiency of the process. Despite these improvements, the process was faced with a number of barriers, which included conflict of interests, management issues, lack of coordination, poor communication, and lack of career development in the organization. These led to failure of BD to achieve the success it was expecting. It called for action to be taken to improve on these barriers. Recommendations Since SHRM profiling has the potential to improve on the overall performance of the organization, it is important for BD to continue with profiling as a strategy. However, SHRM should be carried on voluntarily. This way, the managers will be able to act proactively. They will find solutions to possible problems before the problems occur. This will prevent any chance of failure. Top managers need to resolve their management differences and interests. They need to im prove the communication network to be able to carry out efficient review processes. Solving the management issues in the organization will be vital in redesigning the continuation of SHRM. In addition, SHRM has the ability to complement strategic profiling and improve the chances of successful change implementation. When SHRM was introduced in Becton Dickinson, there were improvements in coordination of managers, the communication network also improved. This enabled changes to be implemented and strategic developments to be successful. I, therefore, recommend that SHRM profiling be embraced by organizations. It would be of much relevance in those organizations where some of the barriers to strategic developments are communication problems. Works Cited Kozami, Azhar. Business Policy and Strategic Management. New-Delhi: McGraw-Hill Publishers, 2005. Print Salaman, Graeme, Storey John and Billsberry Jon. Strategic Human Resource Management: Theory and Practice. London: SAGE, 2005. Prin t. Williamson, D. Alistair. Becton Dickinson (A): Corporate Strategy. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School. 1991. Print. This assessment on Becton Dickinson: Human Resource Management was written and submitted by user Lylah Hobbs to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

3 Stories That Prove Nursing is Worth It

3 Stories That Prove Nursing is Worth It Nursing is not a career for the faint of heart. From managing challenging patients to dealing with emergency situations, it’s a field that demands a lot from those who choose it. For many nurses, though, the breakthrough moments that make it all worthwhile show why so many women and men find nursing as their calling. Patients can change your life in unexpected ways.While part of being a healthcare professional is caring for people you may never see again, sometimes the fates align, and you find that there’s a patient to whom you just can’t say goodbye. Nurse Amber Boyd, from New Mexico, found this to be the case when she cared for a newborn baby girl who suffered from severe birth defects. The baby’s parents were out of the picture, and Boyd realized that she could provide the love and care that baby Nicole needed. â€Å"Right around her first birthday, she was making progress, [but] her needs were beyond anything anyone could’ve accommodated at ho me. Her biological parents, their rights were taken away and her twin sister had already gone home with another family. They just weren’t medical professionals and she essentially needed ICU care at home. [The hospital] was looking into medical foster care†¦.I said, ‘Well, that’s something I could do from home†¦But then I said, ‘This is crazy, am I crazy?'†Little things can matter as much as big ones.From NurseTogether.com comes the inspirational story of a nurse whose above-and-beyond took very little time out of the daily routine, but paid many dividends for one patient.â€Å"One of the women living there had night terrors. She was never able to name that which she feared, but woke every few hours screaming in panic. Her confusion and fear touched my heart as I tried to imagine experiencing her quality of life. I immediately discovered that she would calm down and return to sleep if I spent 10-15 minutes talking to her. Soon thereafter, I discovered that if I came to work 20 minutes before my shift started, held her hand, and talked with her she slept peacefully the entire night through. 20 minutes a day, five days a week out of the life of a student nurse was a small price to pay for her peace of mind.†Sometimes nursing life is just plain funny.From NursesAreAngels.com: â€Å"I was performing a complete physical, including the visual acuity test. I placed the patient twenty feet from the chart and began, ‘Cover your right eye with your hand.’ He read the 20/20 line perfectly. ‘Now your left.’ Again, a flawless read. ‘Now both,’ I requested. There was silence He couldn’t even read the large E on the top line. I turned and discovered that he had done exactly what I had asked; he was standing there with both his eyes covered.†If you too have a nursing tale that is funny/inspiring/illuminating/nursetastic, we’d love to hear it!

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You can choose the topic - Essay Example These different types of sports shoes will be discussed in detail below. The first category of these sports shoes are soccer shoes which are also commonly known as soccer cleats or football shoes. They are called so because they have cleats or studs. The importance of these cleats is for prevention of injuries due to the differences in the playing field from a normal walking road or pavement ways. The cleats help to maintain balance and prevent slipping on the ground and especially the soft playing ground. The next category is the bowling shoes. These shoes are customized with special soles that are usually smooth and flat with rubber material to prevent friction when sliding while at the same time allowing for the player to be able to brake. The top is made of leather which is to prevent them from quick wear and tear (this is especially so for the rental bowling shoes). The condition provided for these shoes is that the wearer should be careful to prevent them from getting wet or dirty as these two will prevent them from not only sliding well but also from effective braking which thereby provides considerable risks. Other than these two, there are also hiking/ mountain climbing shoes. Hiking shoes are especially made to withstand all types of rough terrain and outdoor activities. In this regard, they are made with special pads or patches on the inside to reduce any form of friction which may cause ankle injuries and blisters. To further prevent blisters and ensure comfort over long distance, these shoes are lined inside with leather. They are also stiff in order to support the foot firmly. For those intending to mountaineer, their shoes have crampons in addition to the above mentioned features to prevent slipping. Lastly, they are also waterproof for those intending to hike on water-prone surfaces. Athletic shoes as

Relationship banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Relationship banking - Essay Example Sale of banking products has become extremely competitive. This paper will discuss how relationship marketing has penetrated the banking sector and what are its pitfalls or benefits. It will also discuss the type of relationship that banks have with customers and what marketing activities it performs to establish and maintain such relationships. Banks have adopted the concepts of marketing in the highly competitive market as the consumers have become highly literate and empowered. Customers are increasingly using technology for using banking services, and hence the bank-customer relationship have become of great importance. To stimulate the improvement in the quality of service from the banks, deregulation brought in a range of suppliers in the financial services (Durkin & Howcroft, 2003). Because of the pressure on the bank margins from new competitors, banks have had to reengineer their internal and external delivery process to make profits. Technology is used to increase market share and reduce costs. Banks have been forced to consider this because in the new and emerging delivery channels the bank-customer interactions do not involve face to face contact. Relationship marketing (RM) means to identify, establish, maintain and enhance, and when necessary even to terminate relationships with customers and other stakeholders. In doing do both parties gain and the objectives have been met (Durkin & Howcorft, 2003). This conforms to Gummesson’s concept of relationship marketing. Thus it involves mutual satisfaction, gains and attainment of objectives. In RM the customer is treated as a partner and their needs are identified, and loyalty developed through quality service (Fjà ¤llborg, Morin, Mannberg, Rosell & Heckscher, 2005). Relationship between the buyer and seller differs across industries and firms and customer service forms the core of RM. Effective customer service creates

Role and Impact of Micro Finance Institutions

Role and Impact of Micro Finance Institutions INTRODUCTION The strong economic growth is bound to create employment opportunities and therefore it will reduce unemployment. The evidence provided by the Labor Force Survey 2005 (First two quarters) clearly supports the fact that economic growth has created employment opportunities. Since 2003-04 and until the last half of 2005-06, 5.82 million new jobs have been created as against an average job creation of 1.0-1.2 million per annum. Consequently, unemployment rate which stood at 8.3 percent in 2001-2002 declined to 7.7 percent in 2003-04 and stood at 6.5 percent during July-December 2005.The rising pace of job creation is bound to increase the income levels of the people. Agriculture, housing and construction, IT and telecom sector, and SME are the sectors, which have created relatively more jobs. The estimation of poverty line enables the policy makers to further identify and group the population into various poverty bands such as extremely poor, vulnerable and non-poor etc. The current growth rates however need to be strengthened to arrest the current growth in poverty levels. Macro stabilization, governance reforms and re-profiling of external debt stock have created prospects for growth in future. The government has indicated its willingness to speed up the pace of structural reforms to meet the major challenges of: Reducing poverty, Improving governance and administration, Improving the fiscal and balance of payments positions, Restoring investor confidence, Achieving higher growth on a sustainable basis, and Improving social indicators. 1.1 MICROFINANCE SECTOR Microfinance in Pakistan is relatively a new concept as compared to other countries in the region. The NGOs and Rural Support Programs has been the major player in the sector since early 1980s covering about 5% of more than 6.5 million poor households in the country. Recognizing microfinance as an important poverty alleviation tool, the Federal Government has adopted a microfinance policy that mainstreams the concept of sustainable microfinance, recognizes the private sectors role in poverty reduction and encourages its entry into banking with the poor. It has enacted a legal framework, the MFIs (Micro Financing Intermediaries) Ordinance 2001, for establishing Microfinance Banks in private sector and also facilitated establishment of Khushhali Bank, a public private partnership, with twin objective of substantially increasing outreach of microfinance services in the medium term and giving a model institution to the private sector to follow. The MFIs Ordinance 2001 inter alia stipulates the functions, capital requirements, ownership structure, terms and conditions for establishing Microfinance Banks/Institutions in the country, audit and disclosure requirements and winding up procedures. The provisions of the ordinance are applicable on microfinance institutions mobilizing savings from public to finance their operations. The operations of NGOs and other programs providing micro credit and allied services through sources other than public deposits/savings are not covered under the ordinance. The framework allows establishment of three categories of formal microfinance banks in the country via: Nation wide MFBs minimum paid-up capital of Rs.500 million Province wide MFBs minimum paid-up capital of Rs.250 million and District wide MFBs minimum paid-up capital of Rs.100 million 1.2 EVOLUTION OF MICROFINANCE IN PAKISTAN The microfinance movement in Pakistan followed a unique evolutionary path over the last decades. The proceeding paragraphs present the three development phases of the sector. Each phase represents entry of new institutional forms and structures in the Pakistani microfinance sector. Some of the highlights of this 30 year old history are as follow: Phase-1: 1970s, Government directed credit. The use of finance (mostly credit) as a development tool has a history in Pakistan in the form of government directed/subsidized credit schemes particularly in rural areas. In recent years Small Business Finance Corporation (SBFC), Youth Investment Promotion Society (YIPS), Self Employment Scheme (SES) and Yellow Cab Scheme are typical examples. While SBFC and YIPS represent a direct institutional intervention through use of public funds and institutional structures, SES and Yellow Cab schemes represent indirect government pressures on financial institutions, both public and private; to engage in politically motivated directed credit. In the last two initiatives, the government literally forced commercial financial institutions (mostly public sector) to provide concessionary financing especially to unemployed youth and business start-ups. The loan defaults associated with these schemes affecting the financial institutions profitability has been extensively reported in the popular press. Phase 2: early 1980s to mid 1990s philanthropy of finance. The emergence of the Pakistani microfinance sector is usually traced to two pioneering development institutions The Aga Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP) and the Orangi Pilot Project (OPP). The early pioneers was established in 1982 by the Aga Khan Foundation (http:// www.akdn.org/), AKRSP was the first Integrated Rural Development Program of its kind, outside the government domain. It has focused its development interventions on the Northern Areas of Pakistan. The later day Rural Support Programs (RSPs), initiated by the government, were inspired by the AKRSP model of rural development. The first large scale practical implementation and conceptualization of development frameworks such as social mobilization and group lending methodology can be traced to AKRSPs microfinance model initiated in 1982. While AKRSP pioneered development service provision in the rural, agrarian frontiers of north Pakistan, OPP took up the challenge of tackling urban poverty in the biggest slum settlement in Pakistans port city and commercial capital Karachi. OPP was established by Akhtar Hameed Khan, considered to be the father of rural development in Pakistan. OPP was established in 1987 and its development services include housing, sanitation and education. The RSP model, AKRSP formulated and implemented integrated development approach whereby rural population was organized into Village Organizations (VOs) and the needs prioritized by these community organizations were provided for through a broad range of development services such as education, health, sanitation as well as financial services (microfinance). AKRSP endeavored to develop human, social and financial capital of the communities it worked with. This integrated approach was replicated by government initiated development organizations called Rural Support Programs (RSPs). By 2004, RSPs were working with more than 43,000 community organizations comprising of more than 1,000,000 households. Sarhad Rural Support Program (SRSP) was the first RSP to be established in 1989 as a replication of AKRSP model in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. In the same year a Pak German development project was restructured as an RSP and renamed as Balochistan Rural Support Program (BRSP). Later on Punjab Rural Support Program (PRSP) was also launched by the Government of the Punjab province. The establishment of National Rural Support Program (NRSP) (www.nrsp.org.pk) in 1992 has a special significance. While SRSP and BRSP had provincial focus, NRSP was meant to be the largest national RSP with development interventions including a very ambitious microfinance program all over Pakistan. The rural focused microfinance operations of NRSP have expanded into urban areas as well under its Urban Poverty Alleviation Program (UPAP). With the above mentioned perspective, the microfinance strategy during the early 1990s has certain common elements; the word micro credit was used instead of microfinance symbolizing provision of only loans (and compulsory savings) as a social service equivalent to other development needs such as education, health, sanitation etc. Microfinance best practices as we know them today were still in their formative stages and had not crystallized into a coherent set of principles and frameworks even at the international level. Phase-3: late 1990s till the present entry of the specialist MFI. The later part of 1990s saw the entry of regulated financial institutions such as commercial banks and leasing companies in the microfinance arena. Mostly urban based microfinance only programs also came up in major cities of Pakistan. Regulatory structures started taking shape, spawning a new microfinance institutional structure The Microfinance Bank (MFB). 1.3 VIABILITY OF PROPOSED MICROFINANCING BANK (MFB) IN THE COUNTRY In the light of the above scenario the establishment of the proposed micro financing bank (MFB) in the country raises many doubts about its effectiveness to reduce poverty, sustainability to survive in the long run, and opportunity cost of resources diverted from other potential projects towards the MFB. The banking sector in the country has a long history of poor targeting and high default rate in the economy. The past experience of cooperative societies in the country is also that of a disaster. Million of rupees were lost in these schemes on the name of credit. Mainly their borrowers as well as defaulters are from the high-income group and influentials in the society. An evaluation of the pilot project for micro financing of the National Bank of Pakistan (NBP) for the future establishment of the proposed MFC is also not very encouraging. The bank does not have any mechanism to identify the poor regions and poorest in the country to provide micro credit. There are no poverty profiles that can indicate, which regions are the poorest and which villages or localities are severely impoverished in different provinces of the country. Therefore, the loans are mainly provided on the basis of subjective criteria which increase the chances of poor targeting of the scheme. Similarly, the bank does not have the experience, culture and environment for providing microcredit to poor in the country. The procedure for credit and collateral requirements of the bank is so complicated that it not only excludes the poorest from the scheme but it also increases the chances of leakage in the scheme. In fact, during a field visit by the author in one of the pilot project areas in Sindh, it was observed that the bank borrowers are paying extra charges/commission for receiving the inputs from the bank recommended dealers. Ironically, there is neither women staff nor woman borrowers in the pilot project area of NBP, whereas one major objective of the program is the empowerment of women through micro financing and women should be 33% among the borrowers. Other major NGOs providing micro financing in the country are Agha Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP), National Rural Support Program (NRSP), Sarhad Rural Support Program (SRSP), Orangi Pilot Project (OPP), SUNGI Development Foundations, Kashf Foundation (Kashf), Sindh Agricultural Forestry Workers Cooperative Organization (SAWFCO), Thardeep Rural Development Program (TRDP). Moreover some international donor agencies like OXFAM and Save the Children Fund (SCF) also provide providing microfinance through intermediary NGOs in different parts of the country (www.spdc.com.pk) 1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT Studies illustrated that poverty exerts a significant impact on education, health status, savings and the real GDP. For example; the evidence on reducing vulnerability however, is somewhat clearer. The provision of micro credit has been found to strengthen crises coping mechanisms, diversify income earning sources, build assets and improve the status of women (Hashemi et al, 1996); H0 : Micro financing has not reduced the poverty. H1 : Micro financing has reduced the poverty. This hypothesis suggests that as micro financing affects poverty in a positive manner, as a result, education, health status, saving and real GDP of the household has a positive relationship with the micro financing. The existing evidence on the impact of micro credit on poverty is not clear-cut. There is a work that suggests that access to credit has the potential to significantly reduce poverty. (Khandker, 1998); On the other hand, there is also a research which argues that micro credit has minimal impact on poverty reduction, (Morduch, 1998); Being a finance student the motivation was previous research which was very broad but not specific to the chosen statement. A broader perspective was present but the absence of narrower contexts compelled me to undertake this research. The study has many aims. The main purpose was to address the problem of poverty and apply it to the national scenario. Efforts are directed to utilize and process all available data, avoid bias and error, and generate important results. 1.5 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The specific objectives for the study are outlined as follow: 1. To assess the role and impact of micro-finance institutions on the livelihood of poor. 2. To assess factors that hinders the rural poor from participating in Micro finance Institutions 3. To draw conclusion and give some policy recommendations for the successful implementation and development of micro financing programs. Rest of the project is organized as follows. In chapter two we have provided literature review, in chapter three we have defined data and methodology, in chapter four the results have been explained and in chapter five we have concluded the project with some recommendations. CHAPTER NO.2 LITERATURE REVIEW In the past few years there is an increase in research in the area of Micro Financing. Micro finance or micro credit, by providing small loans and saving facilities to those who are excluded from commercial financial services has been promoted as a key strategy for reduction or combating poverty. Access to these facilities is seen as away of providing the client that are economically active with opportunities for self reliance through entrepreneurship, cushioning them against economic shocks, and providing a mean of social empowerment for poor women and men in their communities. Yet although microfinance programs are often driven by a moral imperative to alleviate poverty, the extent to which they are able to reach the poor with their services and likely economic and social impacts continue to be issues of debate. Binswanger and Landell-Mills (1995) states that constraints in relation to suppliers.i.e. Private Banks excludes the poor because small transactions are unprofitable. Providing financial services to the poor and women is not easy. Many borrowers are not credit worthy and dont have profitable projectors. Thus, that the need for micro financing is an undeniable fact. According to Yanor, Benjamin and Pipren (1997), the issue that should be raised in this context is the importance of the informal sector in LDCs economy and its constraint to develop by lack of credit. On top of that, Salad vine and checkering (1991) confirmed this fact by noting that, the informal sector which contributed about 35% to 65% and 20% to 40% to employment and GDP in most LDCs respectively, is constrained by lack of credit. The provision of micro credit has been found to strengthen crises coping mechanisms, diversify income earning sources, build assets and improve the status of women (Hashemi et al, 1996); Coleman (1999),in his study of a village-banking program in Thailand, advances the literature by expanding on this concept to control for self-selection biases and introduces both observable village characteristics and village fixed effects to control for program placement bias. Utilizing data on 455 households, including participating and non-participating households in treatment villages where a village bank is already offering micro credit, and selected future participants and non-participants in control villages that have been identified to receive a village bank program but have not yet actually received funds, Coleman uses a difference-in-difference approach that compares the difference between income for participants and non-participants in program villages with the same difference in the control villages, where the programs were introduced later. Zaman (1999); explored the relationship between micro credit and the reduction of poverty and vulnerability by focusing on BRAC, one of the largest micro credit providers in Bangladesh. He concluded that micro credit contributes to mitigating a number of factors that contribute to vulnerability, whereas the impact on income poverty is a function of borrowing beyond a certain loan threshold and to a certain extent contingent on how poor the household is to start with. His empirical analysis also suggested that micro credit has the greatest on female control over assets and also on her knowledge of social issues controlling for a host of other characteristics. The Need For Micro-Financing According to Khandker (1998), the alleviation of poverty requires diverse measures. The most important being those, which expand the income and employment opportunities of the poor, enabling them to enhance their living standards providing the poor with access to financial services is one of the many ways to increase their income and productivity. Micro financing programs are developed to fill this gap. The rural poor in LDCs are in desperate needs of credits, microfinance programs are supposed to make available this credit needs and keep the poor to increase their living standard. Lack of saving and capital make it difficult for many poor people who want jobs in the formal and informal sectors to become self employed and to undertake productive employment generating activities, providing credit seems to be a way to generate self-employment opportunities for the poor. In this regard, MFIs in relation to other financial intermediaries has special role and distinguishing features which are given as follows: The primary objective of MFIs is to address the credit needs of those who are willing and ready to reduce their chronic poverty by engaging in farming and small scale production and service activities (Getahun, 2001). Besides provisions of credit facilities, MFIs render managerial, marketing technical and administrative advise to borrowers by reaching borrowers at there place of work.(ibid) MFIs do not require collateral to extend credit in cash or kind to peasant farmers and small entrepreneurs. Instead peer group-leading scheme, character based loans and the promise of subsequent loans is main motivations for repayment (Marguerite, 2001). Saving requirement is introduced as a compulsory feature of lending activity and this saving requirement seems to serve as a motivator for repayment of loan since borrowers choose to repay the loan than losing the amount they saved (Getahun, 2001) 2.2 Country Experiences on Micro-financing 2.2.1 Experience of Bangladesh Why it is that micro-finance becomes a great concern for the whole world as an instrument for poverty reduction in rural areas? It seems because it has recorded success in countries where it has been implemented Abiy (2000). A brief look at this success stories is as follows. One of the most successful countries often mentioned in the development of microfinance is Bangladesh. Micro finance organizations like Grameen Bank, Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), Proshika (PK), Association for Social Advancement (ASA), largest 20 credit NGOs (not including Grameen Bank), and Bangladesh Rural Development Board (BRDB) are operating in the country mentioned For instance, the Grameen Bank, which was established in 1983 as a challenge to existing collateral-based financial system, has had a promising result. It operates exclusively for the poor on the promise that rural people, who won too little land, support themselves as farmers, can never the less make productive use of small loans and repays them on time. The bank also promotes social development by making the poor accountable to individually and socially. Such intermediation improves productivity and income of the poor. This, in turn, also improves their loan payment rate and hence contributes to the Grameen Banks financial Viability. As the result it is the most successful credit program for poor and this may be seen from the outreach status and loan recovery so that the banks loan recovery rate has consistently remained above 90 percent Pit and Khandker (1998). 2.2.2 Experience of some African Countries Formalized micro finance institutions in Africa is a more recent phenomenon. The 1950s and 1960s led to a proliferation of rural leading programs that focused on the provision of subsidized credit by government development banks. After this period in 1980s, the replication of Bangladeshs Grameen Bank began to be tested using primary donor funds to provide credit to a wide number of solidarity group members (Paxton and Fruman, 1998). For our purpose, however, we will look only two countries Kenya and Burkina Faso- the former representing relatively densely populated region and the latter is less densely populated. For example, in Kenya KREB (Kenya Rural Enterprise Bank) is a micro finance institution serving the poor in rural and urban areas of Kenya. It was established as an intermediary NGO to provide financial and technical assistance to NGOs in Kenya that are involved in developing or promoting the development of micro and small enterprises. Since 1990, KREB has successfully transformed grants from its development partners into loan capital for nearly 30,000 businessmen and women. It has been able to do so at a positive return since 1994. KREB has distributed over Kenyan shilling 300 million each year since 1995 and has never run short of new customers. The PPPCR (Le project de promotion du petit credit rural) has been particularly innovative in adopting the Grameen style of group lending to the conditions in Burkina Faso. Certainly the sahelian region represents one of the most challenging environment for micro finance due to the combinations of failed prevails efforts low population density, poverty and illiteracy. To overcome some of these obstacles, PPPCR has departed from a pure Grameen replication and has adapted its own financial services and organization. Like the Grameen Bank, PPPCR has grown quickly, but cannot be compared in member of clients. By the end of 1994, PPPCR had served 10,000 clients, and two years later it had reached about 25,000 clients. Despite all of the careful modifications of the Grameen model to the Burkina Faso context, the provision of micro finance services has proved to be quite costly in the Sahel. The reasons for these high costs are more related to the environment (low population density, poor infrastructure, poverty, illiteracy etc.) than to the methodology of group lending itself. The PPPCR has experienced greater efficiency in the past couple of years as it continues to learn from its early experience achieves economies of scale. Generally, the results in this study have shown that none of the institutions have been able to cover the cost of subsidies despite in roads towards financial viability. Most of micro finance institutions limit their ability to achieve high volumes of loan advances and savings. In sum, the most important lesson is that a wide variety of market niches exist in the field of micro finance. In a more recent study, James et al, (2001) estimated the impact of an urban credit program in Zambia on business performance and on a range of indicators of household well-being. They found that borrowers who obtained a second loan experienced significantly higher average growth in business profits and household income. The Bolivian experience indicates that all the institutions studied had, on balance, positive impacts on income and asset levels. (Mosley 2001); In Pakistans context, Khan (2001); estimated the economic impact of the support program on rural households. He concluded that the economic impact of the support program on rural households is substantially large and probably makes a significant difference to the households close to the poverty line. However, he qualified this conclusion by arguing this conclusion holds particularly for those rural households that participate on a sustained basis over a long period. However, international experience strongly suggests that microfinance projects do not reach all segments of poor. Even the minimal or no collateral requirements potentially exclude the poorest from the schemes. In Bangladesh, for example, only one forth of all microfinance clients is among the hard-core poor. The UNDP report (2000) claims that the hard-core poor having few assets are reluctant to take on the risks of credit, and when they do, it is usually for emergencies and consumption, not for production. Extending fin ancial services to the poorest requires innovations which go beyond those that have been developed so far. Morduch (1999); argued, The promise of micro finance should be kept in context. Even in the best of circumstances, credit from micro finance programs help find self employment activities that most often supplement income for borrowers rather than drive fundamental shifts in employment patterns. It rarely generate new job for others, and success ha been especially limited in regions with highly seasonal income patterns and low population densities. The best evidence to date suggests that making a real dent on poverty rates will require increasing overall levels of economic growth and employment generations. Micro finance may be able to help some households take advantage of those processes, but nothing so far suggests that it will drive them. The experience of micro finance in Pakistan is not that different from other countries, it is generally recognized that the present micro financing framework is characterized by low coverage (an inability to reach the poor), targeting inefficiency (the poorest are left out, inadequate of support (insufficient loan sizes), a low degree of ease of lack of self financing (dependence on donors). Rodriguez-Meza (2001); studies strategic defaults in microfinance. More specifically, he evaluates the effect of different contract designs on borrower repayment behavior for both individual and joint liability contracts. Rodriguez-Mezas model shows that lenders willing to grant loans large enough for borrower to achieve their optimal level of investment may face sustainability problems, as borrowers may find it optimal to default under these circumstances. He finds that clients can default on their loans even when they have the ability to repay due to the absence of perfect collateral. His results have serious implication for the viability of MFOs and their role in economic development. In addition to these studies, practitioners, donors and academics concerned about the negative effects of client exit on the overall sustainability of MFOs have conducted several descriptive studies on the issue (Hasan and Shahid, 1995); Khan and Chowdary, 1995; ASA, 1996; Kashangaki, 1999; Maxima Bali, 1999; Painter and MKNelly, 1999; Simanowitz, 1999; Wright et al, 1999; Churchill, 2000; Kuwik and Mashaba, 2000; Churchill and Halpern, 2001; Schreiner, 2001;.Overall, they found that most people are pushed out of MFOs, especially in Africa, due to adverse push factors, such as client maturity and competition, also play a role in pulling clients away from MFOs, especially in Latin America and Asia, where the micro finance industry is more developed and competition is more intense. The governments goal of poverty reduction is to be realized through a comprehensive approach that takes into account the interaction of economic, social and governance dimensions. The approach is outlined in the interim poverty reduction strategy paper (IPRSP).Expenditure and budgetary allocations for poverty reduction measures have been enhanced. The poverty alleviation program of the government has five elements: Small infrastructure projects, Social safety net, Food support program, Improving social indicators and Expanded access to MF and skills development services through grassroots Organization such as NGOs and village organizations. Greater private sector involvement in poverty reduction is envisaged. The social action program phase two (from January 1997 to June 2002) aims to improve access to basic social services like primary education, primary health care, population welfare services, potable water, sanitation and middle schooling. The government has also responded to growing unemployment, with a series of scheme including the mass self employment program. The incidence of poverty is to be reduced from 33% of population to be target kevel of 15.1% be end 2008. To enhance outreach of MF, the government has adopted a comprehensive approach to address issues and constraints through a conductive policy framework, appropriate supervisory and regulatory infrastructure, institutional capable of outreach to the poor and finally, investments in social intermediation and basic infrastructure. The government has plans to restructure DFIs.Emphasis will be placed on good governance, sustainability, and public private partnership, community based services delivery through NGOs, Pro-poor focus and gender concerns. This strategy complements the effort of the PPAF and other MF suppliers and provides the basic for a concerted effort to enhanced outreach in a grossly underserved market. Gender focus will be emphasized in the strategies and underlying activities in various government programs. A permanent commission on the status of women has been formally announced to protect womens rights. The IPRSP also recognizes the gender dimension of poverty and proposes reform of discriminatory laws and measures to coordinate policies. Within the IPRSP framework, a review and modification of economic and social policies to incorporate gender perspectives is planned. Strengthening of gender focal points in federal and provincial women development departments and identification of targets for the implementation of the National Action Plan (Ministry of Women Department) have been envisaged. On the basis of the literature reviewed, we have developed the following conceptual framework. Fig 2.1 DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Poverty Micro financing in education, health status, savings and real GDP Dependent variable Independent Variable P= f (EDU, HS, SAV, RGDP) Where, EDU = Education HS = Health Status SAV = Savings RGDP = Real Gross Domestic Product. CHAPTER NO.3 DATA METHODOLOGY This part of the report illustrates the methodology that will be used to conduct this study. The conceptual framework for the study is depicted in Fig 2.1. We want to study the dependence level of the dependent variable and its association with the independent variables. Pool regression analysis is a well recognized methodology to analyze relationships and dependence among different variables. The research instruments used in this study were ordinary least square multiple regression analysis, Granger causality test. In view of the limited time frame of the study the sample size was restricted to thirty one. This study was descriptive in nature and deals with the most important and alarming issue of Micro financing. REGRESSION ANALYSIS: In statistics, regression analysis is a collective name for techniques for the modeling and analysis of numeri